Effects of early cleaning on young Picea abies stands

Young Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst) are typically cleaned of non-crop species on one or several occasions during young stand stage. In order to objectively evaluate the perceived benefits of early cleaning (EC), we studied the effects of EC on three study sites 2–2.5 years after receiving the treatment. Experiments were established as a randomised complete block design with a total of 40 blocks. Although height growth and mortality were not significantly affected, we found that EC substantially reduced canopy competition and, consequently, the mean diameter of released spruce grew 21–32% faster depending on the site. Furthermore, non-crop trees that were cleared during EC had fewer sprouts in two of the three sites and the sprouts were substantially smaller than the corresponding non-crop trees on control in all sites. EC can reduce the cost of pre-commercial thinning because EC reduced the estimated time needed for subsequent management by 18–49%. Thus, EC offers forest owners and managers an economically viable young stand management option.     

不同固沙植被下沙丘土壤水分动态比较

以毛乌素沙地覆盖度>90%的油蒿、50%～60%的沙柳、35%～40%的樟子松固定沙丘为研究对象,流动沙丘为对照,采用自动监测系统实时监测降雨、0～200 cm土壤含水量及200 cm以下渗漏量,分析5—11月不同固沙植被下沙丘土壤水分动态差异,以期为固沙植被稳定性评价提供参考。结果表明:较低覆盖度樟子松与高盖度油蒿、沙柳相比更具固沙优势。3种固沙植被表层0～30 cm土壤水分受降雨影响大,对>20 mm降雨均产生响应;60～200 cm土壤水分时间变化特征存在差异,樟子松与对照变化趋势一致,油蒿和沙柳仅对40 mm降雨产生响应;0～200 cm土壤水分垂直变化没有相同规律,变异性较大,樟子松变幅最大,为(5.03±3.09)%;深层渗漏特征基本一致,均有极少量水分渗漏到200 cm以下。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

Relationships of Spectral Reflectance with Plant Tissue Mineral Elements of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Salinity Stresses

ABSTRACT

Salinity and drought stresses are critical for Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and development. They affect plants in various ways, including tissue mineral element content. Micro- and macro-elements in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Blue lake’ and cv. ‘Terli’) subjected to deficit irrigation and salinity treatments were investigated, both analytically and with regards to their effect on the leaves’ spectral reflectance. B (boron), K (potassium), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), Si (silicon) and Zn (zinc) appeared to be influenced by stress factors, mainly responding to salinity increase. The leaf spectral reflectance of the plants appeared to be significantly correlated with most of the elements under investigation. Multivariate regression identified a relationship of the reflectance at particular regions of the spectrum with phosphorus and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and indicated a significant correlation with B, Fe (iron), K, Mn, P (phosphorus) and Zn. Moreover, customized spectral indices, exhibiting significantly high correlation with B, Fe, K, Mg (magnesium), Mn, Na, P, Zn and N (nitrogen), were developed.     

基于USLE模型的长株潭城市群生态绿心区水土流失研究

[目的]研究2018年长株潭(长沙市—株州市—湘潭市)城市群生态绿心区最佳植被覆盖和水土流失状况,为区域综合治理提供理论依据。[方法]运用GIS和RS技术,以长株潭区域降雨、土壤、地形、土地利用等数据为基础,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)模型和USLE国际通用土壤流失方程为优选模型。[结果]长株潭绿心区总面积为52 287 hm~2,整体植被状况较好,高覆盖度(75%～100%)面积最大,占绿心区总面积一半以上,为26 598.40 hm~2;中低覆盖度(30%～40%)面积最小,占区域总面积的8.61%,为4 501.91 hm~2。长株潭城市群生态绿心区总侵蚀(不含微度)面积为3 654.24 hm~2,占总面积的6.99%。湘潭市侵蚀比重最高,为8.51%,长沙市次之,为6.67%,株洲市侵蚀总比例最小,为5.68%。工程建设用地在禁止开发区、限制开发区和控制建设区的侵蚀面积分别为963.92,310.74,735.11 hm~2。[结论]受人为因素、城市建设、产业分布等影响,长株潭城市群生态绿心区覆盖度空间呈现西部低,中东部高的格局,工程建设是造成绿心区土壤侵蚀的主要原因。     

苏北低山丘陵区典型森林生态脆弱性评价

生态脆弱性评价是当前全球变化与可持续发展研究中的热点问题。以苏北低山丘陵区典型性森林植被为研究对象,通过层次分析法构建了适合苏北低山丘陵区典型性森林生态脆弱性评价指标体系,制定了生态脆弱性评价标准,并根据生态脆弱度将森林植被划分成5个不同的脆弱级别;最后通过加权综合法对该地区典型性森林群落生态脆弱性进行评价。结果表明:该地区典型性森林生态脆弱度排序为侧柏(75.92)>麻栎(54.95)>栓皮栎(53.61)>黑松(49.63)>刺槐(47.68)>黄连木(45.69)>黄檀(44.92)>赤松(43.34)。     

VI-LST遥感模型在福建省干旱灾害监测中的应用

植被指数(VI)和地表温度(LST)是描述地表特征信息的2个重要参数.本研究采用基于VI和LST特征空间的遥感模型对2000年以来福建省三起比较严重的干旱灾害进行监测分析,结果表明:采用增强型植被指数(EVI)拟合特征空间干边方程的相关系数高于采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)拟合干边方程的相关系数.VI-LST遥感模型能客观地反映地表水分供应状况,较好地反映区域旱情的空间分布和旱情动态发展过程,干旱灾害的卫星遥感监测结果与地面气象监测结果基本一致,在福建省抗旱减灾工作中具有一定的实用价值.     

毛乌素沙地东南缘不同沙漠化阶段土壤-植被关系研究

【目的】揭示沙漠化过程中土壤、植被的相互作用规律,为土壤-植被系统的修复提供科学依据。【方法】选择毛乌素沙地东南缘陕西榆林地区沙质草原地带沙漠化程度明显的区域为研究区,在野外调查和图像资料的基础上,采用空间序列方法,将沙漠化过程分为非沙漠化阶段(植被盖度>35%)、潜在沙漠化阶段(植被盖度25%~35%)、轻度沙漠化阶段(植被盖度15%~25%)、中度沙漠化阶段(植被盖度5%~15%)、重度沙漠化阶段(植被盖度<5%)5个阶段,在每个阶段随机选取3个1 m×1 m的样方,采集样方内植物和不同土层土壤样品,研究沙漠化过程中植被特征(物种密度、物种丰富度、多样性指数、地上生物量、有机质含量、全氮含量、植物C/N)和土壤理化性质(土壤颗粒、含水率、容重、pH、有机质含量、全氮含量、土壤C/N)的变化,并对土壤与植被的相互关系进行分析。【结果】沙漠化过程中,植被、土壤特征均呈现规律性变化,且在不同的土层范围内植被特征与土壤理化性质之间均存在较强的内在相关性;物种密度、物种丰富度、多样性指数、地上生物量与土壤粘粒、含水率、容重、pH和土壤C/N之间相关系数的最大值多出现在0~10 cm土层;而土壤有机质、全氮等养分含量对植被的影响主要发生在10~30 cm的土层;土壤、植被之间的关系在一定程度上可以定量化。【结论】土壤-植被的物理表征特征之间的相互作用主要发生在土壤表层,营养元素之间的相互作用则发生在土壤下层,说明土壤-植被系统的恢复过程应是先自上而下由植被改善土壤,之后自下而上由土壤养育植被的过程。     

山西省水土流失治理的战略抉择

黄土丘陵山区占山西全省土地面积的80%,水土流失面积占全省土地面积的69%。山西省是我国水土流失最严重的省份之一。黄河流经山西的大北干流河段,占黄河干流长度的11.9%,而该区向黄河输入泥沙量达2.9亿t,约占全省入黄泥沙量的80.6%,占黄河总泥沙量的18.12%,是水土异常强烈流失区,侵蚀模数达到10000～15000t/km2。把山西西部沿黄丘陵山区作为水土治理特区重点治理,对改善山西和黄河生态具有重要战略意义。总结半个世纪以来黄土高原治理水土流失的经验,只有由治水为主,转向植树、种草恢复植被,治山治土,综合治理,遵循地带性适树、适草原则,森林覆盖率达到30%,植被覆盖率达到60%,区域水土流失控制在1000～1500t/km2,水土流失才可能得到全面控制。