Biological implications of recreational shore angling and harvest in a marine reserve: the case of Cape Creus

• 1. Recreational shore fishing along the coast of the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean) was studied in 2007 and 2009 based on roving creel surveys (on‐site angler surveys during which anglers' harvests are examined by the survey clerk). The study aimed to assess the biological impacts of this leisure activity on coastal fish stocks and the potential risks arising from the use of exotic baits.
• 2. Recreational shore fishers employ seven different fishing techniques, of which the bottom fishing rod (a fishing rod whose hooks, together with the bait, lie on the bottom or near it by means of a heavy weight) is by far the most widely used method (nearly 90% of observations). In total, 25 fish species were identified in the catch from the bottom fishing rod.
• 3. The estimated annual shore fishing catches (c.3 tons) are much lower than those obtained by recreational boat and spear fishing (c.20 tons each), and those from commercial (artisanal) fishing (c.50 tons). The weighted mean vulnerability index and trophic level values in the catch from the bottom fishing rod are 52.2 and 4.03, respectively.
• 4. A minimum of 43% of the baits used by the shore anglers were live, non‐native species (mostly polychaetes).
• 5. Overall, results highlight the impact of shore angling on coastal fish communities of a protected area and the increasing environmental risks arising from the use of exotic marine baits, which constitute a potential and unregulated vector of introduction of non‐native species in the Mediterranean. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

勤得利湾浮游植物群落结构特征

2003年5、7、9、11月对勤得利湾浮游植物的种类组成结构特征进行了研究。结果表明:浮游植物共计7门69种,以绿藻、硅藻为主,分别占52.36%和20.11%。近亲鱼腥藻、铜绿微囊藻、普通小球藻、柱形栅列藻、四尾栅列藻、颗粒直链藻、细长锥囊藻、四角十字藻、浮球藻、含糊囊裸藻、针形纤维藻、尺骨针杆藻等为优势种。浮游植物数量为1750.8×104ind./L,以硅藻为主,数量为517.3×104ind./L,占29.55%;生物量为16.082mg/L,硅藻最高,为7.285mg/L。浮游植物季节变化比较明显,数量夏季最高为2801.4×104ind./L,生物量以夏季最高28.235mg/L;水平分布采样点Ⅲ最高,平均为2158.6×104ind./L,采样点Ⅳ生物量最高为12.296mg/L。多样性指数变化是夏季>秋季>冬季>春季。均匀度指数变化是秋季>夏季>冬季>春季。     

雷公山、高黎贡山和星斗山自然保护区秃杉群落对比研究

于2017年5-8月对雷公山、高黎贡山和星斗山3个不同纬度自然保护区的秃杉Taiwania flousiana群落分别设20 m×50 m样地1个进行对比研究,探讨其动态规律。结果表明,3个保护区的秃杉群落中维管植物共有77科148属243种,其中雷公山的秃杉种群(重要值为0.363 5)占主要优势,其次是高黎贡山,星斗山的秃杉种群处于劣势;多样性优势度(d)指数和丰富度指数(d Ma)在乔木层为雷公山大于高黎贡山和星斗山,物种多样性指数(Dr,He’和H2’)在乔、灌、草的排序均为:雷公山>高黎贡山>星斗山,3个保护区的秃杉群落均匀度指数(Je)相差不大,都在0.70~0.95之间。根据吴征镒的中国种子植物属的分布区类型进行进行植物区系分析,3个保护区的秃杉群落的植物区系复杂,划分为24个类型,分布特点以热带分布属为主,温带分布属为辅,世界分布属最少;中国特有2属。     

不同退耕年限撂荒地植物多样性及生物量分析

退耕还林(草)作为黄土高原水土流失综合治理的主要生态建设措施,经过几十年的开展,黄土高原生态环境得到极大恢复,林草覆盖率明显增加。以安塞县纸坊沟流域为研究区,选取坡耕地(0a)为对照,研究了退耕年限(3～5,10,18,28,37a)对撂荒地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,随退耕年限的延长,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、相同土层根长密度都表现为增大—减小—增大的趋势;植被盖度和地上生物量表现为37a>28a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a;撂荒地植被根系生物量、根长密度均随土层深度增加而减少;不同退耕年限撂荒地,相同层根系生物量表现为28a>37a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a。     

两种入侵植物对新疆当地物种多样性的影响

[目的]调查两种入侵植物黄花刺茄和刺苍耳对新疆当地植物群落物种种类组成及物种多样性的影响.[方法]采用样方法选取两种入侵植物黄花刺茄和刺苍耳分布较多的样地,分别作20个有黄花刺茄和刺苍耳入侵的样方,并在与之相距5 m处没有其入侵的区域,作20个对照样方,应用重要值、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数分析两种入侵植物入侵区域与未入侵区域当地群落的组成及植物多样性的变化.[结果]黄花刺茄的试验样方中共有植物6科14种,而对照样方中有7科29种;刺苍耳的对照样方中植物有11科31种,而试验样方中植物仅有9科23种.两种入侵植物验样方中多数土著物种的重要值均比对照样方中的物种重要值低,黄花刺茄样方中只有萹蓄和蒺藜的重要值相差较小;刺苍耳样方中只有狗尾草的重要值高于试验样方.两种入侵植物的试验样方和对照样方相比,物种丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数J均差异显著或极显著.[结论]黄花刺茄和刺苍耳的入侵影响了当地植物群落的结构和组成,导致物种数量减少,使物种多样性降低.     

应用哨兵2A多时相遥感影像对树种的识别

森林树种类别的准确识别和专题图制作对于森林经营管理具有重要作用。以哨兵2A多时相遥感影像数据源,通过对单时相影像以及根据基尼系数(Gini系数)和信息熵进行的不同影像组合,利用随机森林算法对大孤家林场的树种类别进行识别和分类制图。结果表明:哨兵2A多时相影像组合能够显著改善树种分类的精度,多时相影像组合总体分度最高为87.45%,Kappa系数为0.825,比单时相遥感影像分类总体精度提升了4%~7%。     

Manihot flabellifolia Pohl,wild source of resistance to the whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Aleurotrachelus socialis is one of the most important pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Neotropics. In Colombia, high whitefly populations can reduce crop yields by 79%; and although the farmers intensify the use of insecticides, this practice is highly contaminating, costly and leads to the development of resistance in the insect. An alternative for managing whitefly populations is to develop genetically resistant varieties. Wild parents of Manihot are a useful source of genes against pests for the cultivated species of cassava. Based on prior research that showed the existence of moderate-to-high levels of resistance to A. socialis in Manihot flabellifolia, a wild species of cassava, this study was proposed to characterize this new source of resistance, evaluating the biology and demographics of A. socialis on eight accessions of M. flabellifolia, a susceptible check (CMC-40) and a resistant (MEcu72) check. The averages of A. socialis longevity and fecundity on the accessions were not significantly different to MEcu72, but different from CMC-40 (P < 0.05). Development time was not significantly different, ranging from 35–40 days on accessions and MEcu72 and 33.5 days on CMC-40 (P < 0.05). In contrast, the population growth rate (r_m) was significantly lower on the M. flabellifolia accessions, with Fla 61 standing out with a growth rate 98 and 99% less than that obtained on MEcu72 and CMC-40, respectively. Once the resistant levels have been identified to A. socialis on the M. flabellifolia accessions, interspecific crosses of M. esculenta subsp. M. flabellifolia and backcross programs could be developed to incorporate the desirable characteristics from the wild relatives into elite progenitors of M. esculenta.     

一种基于三维激光扫描系统测量树冠体积方法的研究——以油松为例

树冠体积在林业及其他领域得到越来越广泛的应用.该文介绍了三维激光扫描系统的组成、工作原理及工作流程;探讨了应用三维激光扫描系统,通过扫描获取单株树木的三维空间点阵数据,将树冠近似为多个圆台体,求它们的体积之和来计算树冠体积的方法.并在甘肃省小陇山林业局党川林场以油松为例进行了实验,而后对实测数据进行了精度分析,取得了较为满意的结果.研究表明,利用三维激光扫描系统测量树冠体积具有较强的实践意义和应用价值.     

观赏型金豆新品系‘桔豆’的选育与栽培技术要点

‘桔豆’由实生单株选育而成。该品系具有果色鲜艳、花量大、坐果率高、树姿美观等优良观赏特性,且挂果期长,挂果时间可从10月中旬至次年的3-4月,作为观赏果树有着良好的应用前景。     

长江中上游圆口铜鱼的种群死亡特征及其物种保护

根据葛洲坝(1998～2007年)、重庆(2006～2007年)和合江江段(1998～2005年)的渔业资源调查资料,对圆口铜鱼的种群死亡特征进行了评估,并利用Beverton-Holt模型的单位补充量渔获量方程,分析和探讨了长江中上游圆口铜鱼资源的合理利用.结果表明:1)3个江段各年间的圆口铜鱼开发率和捕捞死亡系数均远远大于相应年份最大允许的开发率和捕捞标准的基准尺度F0.1,3个江段的圆口铜鱼资源均处于严重过度捕捞状况;2)葛洲坝江段圆口铜鱼的最适开捕年龄为4龄(体长330mm),重庆和合江江段圆口铜鱼的开捕年龄应至少为5龄(体长375 mm).为保护圆口铜鱼的资源,建议葛洲坝江段三层流刺网的网日(2a)应大于75 mm为宜,重庆和合江江段的网目(2a)应不小于90 mm且同时需要控制各种渔具的日均作业次数.