红松阔叶林4种凋落物分解速率及其营养动态1）

2012—2013年在吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林中,应用凋落物降解袋法研究了红松（ Pinus koraiensis）、蒙古栎（ Quercus mongolica）、紫椴（ Tilia amurensis）和色木槭（ Acer mono）4个主要优势乔木树种的凋落物分解速率及其营养动态。研究结果表明：4个试验树种的凋落物失质量率均随时间进程增大,但是和时间不成线性关系。在整个分解进程中,凋落物的分解速率开始明显升高,中后期开始分解速率逐渐平稳;阔叶凋落物分解速率高于针叶分解速率。通过模型模拟,4个树种的分解系数k值依次为红松（0．53±1．03）、蒙古栎（0．77±1．27）、紫椴（1．60±0．52）、色木槭（1．50±1．81）,林中主要凋落物95％分解时间约为5～7 a。分解进程中,有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾质量分数呈动态变化,4个树种的N和P均表现出富集现象,N在短期富集后强烈释放;C和K表现为净释放;w（ C）／w （ N）持续下降。     

Acid soil tolerance of leucaena species in greenhouse trials

Abstract

Lines of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit were grown in greenhouse pots of an acid, Al‐toxic Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic typic Hapludult) treated with 0 or 3000 ppm CaCO₃ to give final soil pH values of 4.1 and 5.3, respectively. Lines of L. leucocephala, plus those of other Leucaena species, were also tested on an acid, Monmouth soil (clayey, mixed, mesic, typic Hapludult) treated with 0 or 1500 ppm CaCO₃ to give final soil pH values of 4.8 and 6.6, respectively. The major index of acid soil tolerance used was relative root yield (unlimed/limed %).

Relative root yields of 117 L. leucocephala lines on Tatum soil ranged from 34 to 246%. Hence, liming the soil from pH 4.1 to 5.3 was highly beneficial to some lines and highly detrimental to others. Because Tatum subsoil is 89% Al saturated at pH 4.1, line tolerance to unlimed soil indicates tolerance to Al. Causes of yield depression at pH 5.3 were not determined.

On Monmouth soil, in a test involving 148 lines of 6 Leucaena species, relative root yields (unlimed/limed %) ranged from 23 to 386%. The line showing highest tolerance to the acid soil (P.I. 279578) and that showing lowest tolerance (P.I? 281636) are both L,. leucocephala. The majority of lines used on Monmouth soil (124 of a total of 148) were from this species. Average performances of the 6 species indicated that L. diversifolia Benth. (5 lines) was most tolerant to the acid Monmouth soil and liming the soil from pH 4.8 to 6.6 actually decreased root yields. The species L.. leucocephala (124 entries) and L. pulverulenta Benth. (4 lines) were intermediate, and L. lanceolata S. Wats. (3 lines) and I., retusa Benth. (1 line) appeared more sensitive to acid Monmouth soil. The Al saturation of Monmouth soil at pH 4.8 was only 23% (compared with 89% for Tatum at pH 4.1). The major growth limiting factor in acid Monmouth soil is believed to be Al toxicity, but this soil has not been as throughly characterized as has Tatum, and other factors may well be involved in explaining differential tolerances of Leucaena lines on the unlimed versus limed soil.

Results of these studies indicate that Leucaena species and lines within species differ significantly in tolerance to acid soils having high levels of exchangeable Al. Acid soil tolerant lines of Leucaena may be useful in expanding the acreage of this crop on oxisols and ultisols of the tropics and subtropics.     

植物引种的生物安全性分析

生物入侵特别是由于引种所造成的生物入侵,应该受到全社会的关注。本文主要分析了我国外来人侵植物的主要种类、对我国生态环境的危害、生物入侵的原因及生物学对策。     

水生生物近缘种和产地的分子生物学判别

随着分子生物学技术的发展,渔业生物近缘种及产地的判别由形态学深入到了蛋白质和DNA水平。本文综述了目前已经应用于水生生物的相关分子生物学技术(包括色谱、免疫学判别以及蛋白的电泳、DNA的序列分析、PCR-RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SNP、SSRI、SSR、Real-Time PCRs、pecies-specific primer PCR和PCRlab-on-a-chip等)以及它们各自的优缺点;在把握了这些研究进展的基础上,展望了相关技术的发展趋势。     

水生生物近缘种和产地的分子生物学判别

随着分子生物学技术的发展,渔业生物近缘种及产地的判别由形态学深入到了蛋白质和DNA水平。本文综述了目前已经应用于水生生物的相关分子生物学技术（包括色谱、免疫学判别以及蛋白的电泳、DNA的序列分析、PCR-RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SNP、SSRI、SSR、Real-Time PCRs、pecies-specific primer PCR和PCRlab-on-a-chip等）以及它们各自的优缺点;在把握了这些研究进展的基础上,展望了相关技术的发展趋势。     

聚类、粗糙集与决策树的组合算法在地力评价中的应用

 【目的】地力评价方法大多数有一定的主观性,较少考虑土壤各属性间的依赖关系。论文旨在采用数据挖掘方法,寻求地力等级划分的新方法。【方法】结合农安县耕地调查数据,应用K-means聚类方法、Johnson粗糙集属性约简算法与C4.5决策树算法相结合的优化算法评价地力等级。【结果】使用K-means聚类方法,得到最佳学习样本数;使用粗糙集属性约简和决策树相结合的方法,去掉了冗余属性7个,决策树模型共有节点317个,其中叶节点个数为159个,生成规则159条,模型准确率为82.08%。与未聚类和未约简的方法相比,决策树结点个数减少41.62%。【结论】使用该组合算法,在保证模型准确率的同时,降低了算法的时间和空间复杂性,提高了挖掘效率。     

甘肃苍耳属—新记录植物及其分种检索表

报道了甘肃苍耳属一新记录植物刺苍耳(Xanthium spinosum L.),并编制了我国苍耳属植物分种检索表。     

椰子、槟榔新害虫——柑橘棘粉蚧形态鉴定

粉蚧是一类重要的农林害虫,其种类繁多,分布区域范围广,寄主种类多,在农业生产中容易产生识别混淆。2018—2020年笔者在田间调查棕榈植物病虫害时多次发现一种粉蚧对椰子和槟榔为害较严重,经鉴定为柑橘棘粉蚧[Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel)],通过对该粉蚧形态观察,其主要特征为：（1）粉蚧体缘具白色粉状蜡丝17对,前端侧蜡丝短,而后端侧蜡丝长,尾端1对最长,约等体长,在尾部正中尚有1对小细丝,夹在2根长尾丝的中间;（2）雌成虫触角8节,单眼基部边缘无伴孔,刺孔群17对,C1、C4、C7具3根锥刺,C3具3~5根锥刺,多格腺主要分布在虫体腹面3~8腹节上,领状管分大、中、小3类,较大的领状管多数分布在腹部节的边缘,少量分布在胸部和头部边缘,蕈状腺大小2种,较大的蕈状腺数量不多,分布在背面体缘和中部,刺孔群C1后方各有1个,较小的蕈状腺,在头胸部腹面边缘分布较多,2~5个一组常出现在胸节边缘和第1腹节腹面上。本文以图文结合形式详细描述了柑橘棘粉蚧各虫态特征,并编制柑橘棘粉蚧及其种近似种检索表,为其鉴定提供依据。     

云南烟草害虫天敌种类

 1993～1996年,云南在全省烟区开展了烟草昆虫的系统调查研究,近年又调查补充,共查到烟草害虫天敌126种。其中天敌昆虫类涉及到8个目23个科114种,蛛形纲蜘蛛目有7个科11种,两栖纲1目一种。简述各种类。供科研和生产应用。     

枝孢属一新种——素馨枝孢

 报道木犀科(Oleaceae)上素馨枝孢新种Cladosporium jasmini sp.nov. 附拉丁文描述及线条图,标本保藏于云南农业大学真菌标本室（MHYAU）。