追赶型发展模式下的非均衡性冲突与协调:基于贵州省后发赶超战略的思考

2012年《国务院关于进一步促进贵州经济社会又好又快发展的若干意见》(简称国发2号文件)文件明确指示:"贵州要努力走出一条符合自身实际和时代要求的后发赶超之路,确保与全国同步实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标"。基于贵州城乡差距、地区差距以及民族问题敏感等客观省情,提出了在贵州奋起追赶之时,要效率与公平并重,通过制度构建和政策调整来协调由追赶型发展模式内生制约导致的各种非均衡性矛盾和冲突,最终实现贵州经济社会与人的全面发展。     

加强农业科研档案数字化管理的策略探讨

农业科研档案是反映农业科学技术研究活动过程的历史记录,是传承和发展农业事业的理论知识基础,是引领农业现代化不断创新发展的科技支撑。文章阐述了农业科研档案数字化的概念、涵盖范畴及特殊属性,论述了开展农业科研档案数字化管理的重要意义,分析了农业科研档案数字化管理现存的主要问题,并针对问题提出了加强农业科研档案数字化管理的有效模式和实施方案,以期推动农业科研档案事业的全面发展。     

基于馆藏资源特色建设的行业性院校学科馆员服务工作新模式

分析了行业性高校图书馆学科馆员制度建设的现状,指出了行业性高校图书馆开展馆藏资源特色学科服务的必要性,提出了以馆藏资源特色建设为基础,提供学科服务的方法与策略。     

职业教育理实一体化教学模式浅析

理实一体化教学模式是工学结合人才培养模式框架下以技能型人才培养为目标、以综合职业能力培养为主线、将理论教学与实践教学有机融合的一种教学模式。实现教学场所一体化、教师队伍一体化、课程设置一体化、教材编写一体化、考核评价一体化、教学内容一体化、教学组织一体化是理实一体化教学模式成功实施的重要保证。     

不同穴播种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了不同穴播种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,4种穴播种植方式中,全膜覆土穴播种植方式有利于小麦碳水化合物的合成,增加了小麦干物质积累量,实施N、P、K平衡施肥后干物质积累量增加效果明显;该种植方式下各施肥处理比全膜小垄沟覆土穴播、全膜不覆土穴播和露地穴播小麦产量分别增加3.7%～6.7%、9.4%～10.3%、30.7%～35.4%;该种植方式下,N、P2O5和K2O的用量分别为180 kg/hm2、120 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2时(Z0F1处理),小麦产量最高,达到4 034 kg/hm2;该方式的小麦水分利用效率明显高于露地穴播,在相同施肥水平下,前者小麦水分利用效率比后者显著提高33.7%～48.3%。表明春小麦在全膜覆土穴播栽培技术条件下,平衡施肥可显著提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

Rationale for a natural products approach to herbicide discovery

Weeds continue to evolve resistance to all the known modes of herbicidal action, but no herbicide with a new target site has been commercialized in nearly 20 years. The so-called 'new chemistries' are simply molecules belonging to new chemical classes that have the same mechanisms of action as older herbicides (e.g. the protoporphyrinogen-oxidase-inhibiting pyrimidinedione saflufenacil or the very-long-chain fatty acid elongase targeting sulfonylisoxazoline herbicide pyroxasulfone). Therefore, the number of tools to manage weeds, and in particular those that can control herbicide-resistant weeds, is diminishing rapidly. There is an imminent need for truly innovative classes of herbicides that explore chemical spaces and interact with target sites not previously exploited by older active ingredients. This review proposes a rationale for a natural-products-centered approach to herbicide discovery that capitalizes on the structural diversity and ingenuity afforded by these biologically active compounds. The natural process of extended-throughput screening (high number of compounds tested on many potential target sites over long periods of times) that has shaped the evolution of natural products tends to generate molecules tailored to interact with specific target sites. As this review shows, there is generally little overlap between the mode of action of natural and synthetic phytotoxins, and more emphasis should be placed on applying methods that have proved beneficial to the pharmaceutical industry to solve problems in the agrochemical industry.     

Why have no new herbicide modes of action appeared in recent years?

Herbicides with new modes of action are badly needed to manage the evolution of resistance of weeds to existing herbicides. Yet no major new mode of action has been introduced to the market place for about 20 years. There are probably several reasons for this. New potential products may have remained dormant owing to concerns that glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops have reduced the market for a new herbicide. The capture of a large fraction of the herbicide market by glyphosate with GR crops led to significantly diminished herbicide discovery efforts. Some of the reduced herbicide discovery research was also due to company consolidations and the availability of more generic herbicides. Another problem might be that the best herbicide molecular target sites may have already been discovered. However, target sites that are not utilized, for which there are inhibitors that are highly effective at killing plants, suggests that this is not true. Results of modern methods of target site discovery (e.g. gene knockout methods) are mostly not public, but there is no evidence of good herbicides with new target sites coming from these approaches. In summary, there are several reasons for a long dry period for new herbicide target sites; however, the relative magnitude of each is unclear. The economic stimulus to the herbicide industry caused by the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, especially GR weeds, may result in one or more new modes of action becoming available in the not too distant future.     

园林专业设计类课程交互式自主学习模式探讨——以园林茶室建筑设计课程教学为例

针对园林专业设计类课程的特点,以园林茶室建筑设计为例,通过交互式自主学习模式的运用,取得了较为明显的效果,主要表现在:激发了学生的学习兴趣,促进了学生综合能力的提高;激发学生的创作灵感,提高了学生设计能力;增加了学生的专业知识储备,促进了学习资源的共享等。     

天津海河园农业种质资源展示区发展模式探讨

以天津海河教育园区为研究对象,阐述了天津海河教育园区的现状及特点,从与城市边缘区协同发展的角度揭示农业种质展示区建设的重要意义,分析了建设农业种质资源展示区的基本条件及其可行性,将农业展示区划分为禾草园、津果园、中药园、景观园和科普园,以科技为支撑、以资源保护与持续利用为目的、以科普宣传和示范推广为手段,加强对适应天津地区生长和具有生态价值植物资源的引种与开发利用研究,以强科研、促发展为原则,使农业展示区在与海河园区的协调发展中发挥最大生态效益和经济效益。     

贵州江口县生态农业体系的构建

以生物与环境协同进化原理、整体性原理、限制因子原理、食物链原理、生态位原理、效率协调统一原理为指导,应用生态学、生态经济学和循环经济学系统工程方法,对全球"人与生物圈"保护区梵净山山麓下的贵州省江口县生态农业体系提出若干构建模式,确立江口县生态农业未来发展的前沿理论。