世界大蒜贸易以及中国出口动态分析

分析了世界大蒜区域贸易状况、世界大蒜主要进出口国家的贸易状况、世界大蒜进出口价格以及中国大蒜的出口总量、出口流向和出口国际竞争力,有助于深入了解世界大蒜贸易格局和中国大蒜出口动态。     

Functional diversity of microbial communities in the mixed boreal plain forest of central Canada

This study was designed to examine whether or not specific tree species (Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides), their post-fire stand age, or their position in a successional pathway had any significant effect on the functional diversity of associated soil microbial communities in a typical mixed boreal forest ecosystem (Duck Mountain Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada). Multivariate analyses designed to identify significant biotic and/or abiotic variables associated with patterns of organic substrate utilization (assessed using the BIOLOG™ System) revealed the overall similarity in substrate utilization by the soil microbial communities. The five clusters identified differed mainly by their substrate-utilization value rather than by specific substrate utilization. Variability in community functional diversity was not strongly associated to tree species or post-fire stand age; however, redundancy analysis indicated a stronger association between substrate utilization and successional pathway and soil pH. For example, microbial communities associated with the relatively high pH soils of the P. tremuloides-P. glauca successional pathway, exhibited a greater degree of substrate utilization than those associated with the P. banksiana-P. mariana successional pathway and more acidic soils. Differences in functional diversity specific to tree species were not observed and this may have reflected the mixed nature of the forest stands and of their heterogeneous forest floor. In a densely treed, mixed boreal forest ecosystem, great overlap in tree and understory species occur making it difficult to assign a definitive microbial community to any particular tree species. The presence of P. tremuloides in all stand types and post fire stand ages has probably contributed to the large amount of overlap in utilization profiles among soil samples.     

Monitoring of subaqueous depots with active barrier systems for contaminated dredged material using dialysis samplers and DGT probes

Background, Aims and Scope  Disposal of dredged material in subaqueous depots is increasingly considered an economic and ecologically sound option in managing contaminated dredged material. The concept of subaqueous disposals capped with active barrier systems has been developed to minimize this risk of contaminant release. As such a depot represents a permanent installation within a sensitive ecosystem, it requires a thorough monitoring concept. It is the goal of this work to develop such a concept regarding general considerations and results of laboratory and field investigations. Methods  In addition to the state-of-the-art techniques developed for other under-water constructions, this monitoring concept is developed with particular respect to the chemical isolation of the dredged material from the overlying water body. It comprises the use of seepage meters, dialysis samplers, and DGT gel probes for determining the migration of selected target solutes. The capability of the dialysis samplers is demonstrated by comparing field results with model calculations. The appropriateness of DGT probes to assess the impact of humic substances on trace metal speciation and on copper toxicity is demonstrated with the aid of laboratory experiments. Results and Discussion  The experimental results show that, by using dialysis samplers, the temporal changes in concentration-depth-profiles of heavy metals in the pore solution can be monitored. Additionally, the application of DGT probes facilitates the in situ detection of labile species of a metal in the presence of dissolved humic substances, which serves to reflect its toxicity. Conclusions. Three subsequent monitoring phases are distinguished on the basis of both general considerations and the findings from field results: A hydraulic phase that is characterized by compaction and pore water expulsion, a geochemical phase in which the demobilization of pollutants can occur due to substantial changes in the physico-chemical conditions (pH, EH), and a steady-state-phase where pore water flow and geochemical conditions are approaching their minimum. Recommendations and Outlook  The monitoring concept suggested here provides a versatile tool to assess the chemical isolation of subaqueous sediment depots and other contaminated sediment sites. This is of great importance as subaqueous disposal is increasingly considered a future management strategy as space for upland disposal is limited and treatment, in general, proves to be too costly.     

Comparison of two methods that assess soil community level physiological profiles in a forest ecosystem

There are currently two approaches that use whole soil to determine community level physiological profiles (CLPP) based on C-substrate utilization. We assessed the Degens and Harris and MicroResp™ approaches for their ability to distinguish between previously mined and non-mined forest soils that are characterized by gradients in biological, chemical and physical properties. Surface soils (0-5 cm) were collected from two ages of forest rehabilitation (3- and 16-years post mining), within mounds and furrows (caused by contour ripping) and from adjacent non-mined forest soil. Microbial respiration response to individual substrates was six times greater from the Degens and Harris (1.84 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) than the MicroResp™ (0.31 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) approach. The MicroResp™ approach was able to distinguish between CLPP of the two ages of rehabilitation (P=0.05), whereas the Degens and Harris approach did not. Neither approach identified an overall difference between the CLPP of mined and adjacent non-mined forest. The MicroResp™ approach revealed a significant difference (P=0.03) in CLPP from mounds of the two rehabilitation ages but no differences between the furrows. In addition there was a difference (P=0.03) in CLPP between the mounds and furrows within the 3-year old rehabilitation but no difference between the mounds and furrows within the 16-year-old rehabilitation. However, the CLPP of mounds of the 3-year old rehabilitation were different (P=0.059) to adjacent non-mined forest, while the furrows were not. There was no difference in CLPP between the mounds or the furrows of the 16-year-old rehabilitation and adjacent non-mined forest. These results suggest that the aspect of microbial heterotrophic function measured in this study takes up to 3 years to re-establish in the furrows and between 3-16 years in the mounds of post-mined rehabilitation soils. Our results also indicated that the MicroResp™ was substantially better than the Degens and Harris approach in distinguishing between treatments; this is likely to be due to differences in substrate concentrations and soil water potentials between approaches. Testing of a more comprehensive range of organic compounds would likely provide greater ecological interpretation of the CLPP data.     

花棒带状沙障防风固沙试验研究

流沙地迎风坡上部及丘顶为风沙运动强烈区域,在其上种植花棒带作为植物沙障,可使地表粗糙度由0.014cm提高到0.642cm,地表起沙风速由8.8m/s提高到10.1m/s,可改变风沙流输沙率随高度的分布结构.实验测得0～20cm高度范围内风沙流输沙量较流沙地减少了80.2%,小气候及土壤等生态条件明显改善;在沙障带间栽植刺槐,成活率提高了58.4%,且生长情况良好.     

An analysis of formation conditions for DBD transported charges of multineedle-to-cylinder

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) can produce homogenous discharge in normal temperature and atomsphere with low energy consumption, so it has broad development prospects in industrial applications. An experimental study is carried out to optimize the needles arrangement and supply parameters aiming at the multineedle-to-cylinder reactor with orthogonal design in combination with Lissajous figures. As it is konwn, the process of discharge is also the process of charge transfer; hence, the more charges are transported, the higher reaction efficiency in plasma is. The orthogonal design is established with transported charges as the goal factor, and supply voltage, supply frequency, needles length(NL), interneedle rotation angles(INRA) as factors. Variance analysis results show that the largest influence factor is supply voltage, followed by supply frequency; the electrode configuration of NL=(3.5+2) mm and INRA=45° matched with f=21 kHz makes transported charges per cycle biggest. The orthogonal experiment results are verified by further experiments, which is significant to improve the DBD plasma reaction efficiency.     

食品国际贸易规制述评

从食品国际贸易规制入手,分析和评价了现行国际贸易制度安排。指出W TO的《SPS协议》、《TBT协议》和法典委员会等国际规制有正负两方面的效应,一方面有助于国际食品规则的标准化,降低国际贸易中的交易成本;另一方面,由于发展中国家国内标准低、参与国际组织的“门槛”高等原因,造成其面临着事实的贸易不平等和标准遵从的困难。提出中国应联合发展中国家,通过对部分条款的修订,如将发达国家对发展中国家的援助从自愿改为强制性规定、给予发展中国家更长的遵从期限、让最不发达国家免费参与国际标准制定机构的活动等来争取贸易公平待遇。     

绿色壁垒对我国农产品进出口的影响

介绍了绿色壁垒的主要内容和形式,阐述了绿色壁垒对我国农产品进出口的影响,提出了我国跨越绿色壁垒应采取的措施.     

环境贸易壁垒内涵、特点及其突破对策

在国际贸易领域中环境贸易壁垒已经成为最典型的、对发展中国家影响最大的一种新的贸易保护主义措施,各国纷纷以保护环境为名行贸易保护之实.本文阐述了环境贸易壁垒的主要内容和形式,分析了环境贸易壁垒的主要特点以及环境贸易壁垒对贸易的影响,提出了突破环境贸易壁垒的对策建议.     

日本检疫性贸易壁垒及我应对措施

通过对日本检疫性贸易壁垒的分析，我们应根据SPS协议的有关规定，采取必要措施，打破其检疫性贸易壁垒，促进我产品出口。