痕量灌溉在温室大桃上的应用

试验以日光温室大桃为供试作物,以常规畦灌和滴灌为对照,研究第一代痕量灌溉系统在地膜覆盖和地表裸露两种条件下对生长、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明：痕量灌溉管路埋深50cm且地膜覆盖处理,痕量灌溉比畦灌和滴灌分别节约灌水80．1m^3／667m^2和40．0m^3／667m^2,水分利用效率比畦灌和滴灌分别增加16．1kg／m^3和10．6kg／m^3,经济产量无显著差异;痕量灌溉管埋深5cm、地表裸露条件下,痕量灌溉此畦灌和滴灌分别节约灌水88．9m^3／667m^2和39．8m^3／667m^2,经济产量比畦灌和滴灌分别减少11．5％和25．3％。痕量灌溉在果树上应用时,宜地膜覆盖并埋深30cm。     

豫东潮土地区大蒜喷施微量元素肥料效果试验

试验表明在豫东潮土地区大蒜喷施钼酸铵、硫酸锌、硼砂、硫酸锰、硫酸铜有明显增产效果，比对照增产幅度为1890．0～3844．5kg／hm^2，增产9．6％～19．4％；同时提高大蒜的品级，改善大蒜品质，经济效益高，比对照增收3712．17～6566．54元／hm^2，增值达16．4％～27．3％。     

Geochemical fluxes in forested acidified catchments

The atmospheric deposition of some major components (e.g., NO₃-N 6.6 and 14.5; SO₄-S 17.8 and 42.4 kg ha^–1 a^–1) and trace elements (e.g., Cd 0.4 and 1.1, Cu < 1.9=" and=" 15,=" pb=" 43=" and=" 48=" g=">^–1 a^–1) in bulk and throughfall deposition respectively, shows a pronounced decline in recent measurements of total deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). This is true for both bulk and throughfall deposition in 1992–1994 as compared to similar data from 1985–1989. The decline is a result of successful emission control strategies in central Europe and the shut down of plants and factories in the former GDR.The dry deposition at the highest (influenced by long-range transport) and the lowest station (local influences) shows distinct differences (e.g., Cd 0.6 and 0.3; Cu 17.4 and 7.3; Pb 13 and 31 ng m^–3). A comparison between total and dry deposition exhibits the different behavior of elements in respect to atmospheric concentrations and solubility in (rain)water. Anthropogenically released elements are mainly immited via wet deposition.     

稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀产沙垂直分布研究中的应用

简要分析了核示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用现状，并以稀土元素(REE)示踪法为例，结合不同坡度、不同流量的室内放水冲刷模拟试验对坡面侵蚀产沙垂直分布特征进行了研究，研究结果表明：在坡度较小的情况下，坡面各不同部位的相对侵蚀量沿下坡方向呈现出先减小后增大的趋势；在坡度较大而流量较小的情况下，坡面各坡段的相对侵蚀量与坡度较小的情况相似，当流量较大时，坡面各不同坡段的相对侵蚀量呈现出随坡长的增大而减小的趋势。但坡面最下端坡段的相对侵蚀量总是随着冲刷历时的延长而呈现出下降趋势，而其余各坡段的相对侵蚀量则呈现出缓慢的波动式上升。试验结果还表明REE示踪法可以比较满意地说明坡面侵蚀过程中的泥沙来源情况，是一种研究坡面侵蚀产沙特征的有效方法。     

典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究

采用室内培养实验的方法 ,控制典型黑土样品的酸碱度值 ,探讨典型黑土中 Cu、Zn和 Mn等微量元素有效态含量与 p H值的关系。结果表明 :p H值变化 0 .5个单位左右 ,有效态铜含量变化约 0 .5～ 1倍 ;有效态锰含量变化约 3～ 5倍 ;有效态锌含量变化 9～ 1 5倍之多。说明精确掌握土壤的酸碱度值对于土壤诊断、微肥的合理施用、提高作物产量和实现土地的可持续利用都具有重要的理论与实践意义     

Effect of sewage sludge–coir pith pellets on dry matter yield and trace metal concentration in various plant parts of forage maize

Sewage sludge (SS), a highly heterogeneous semisolid fraction of sewage water (about 1% of the sewage water), contains various amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) with extremely variable physical and chemical compositions. Application of SS improves soil properties, increases yield and simultaneously increases trace metal content in soil and plants. The difficulty in handling, transporting and applying SS and its adverse effect, especially trace metal content in soil and plant, can be overcome by SS–coir pith pelletization (SSCP) or mixing with sewage sledge–coir pith mixture (SSCM). A study was undertaken to evaluate the prepared SSCM and SSCP (1:1 ratio of SS and coir pith) along with SS on dry matter yield, trace metal content in soil and plant parts. The results showed that increased rates of application of SS or SSCM or SSCP increased the green and dry fodder yield of forage maize. Application of SS as either SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 and 2.4 g pot^?1 significantly reduced the trace metal content diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA extractable) in soil and plant parts (leaves steam and root) compared to SS application. Therefore, in order to reduce the bioavailability of trace metal in soil and its uptake by plant, application of SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 or 2.4 g pot^?1 proved to be a better option than SS application.     

Harmonisation, standardisation for soil and sediment fractionation studies, and usefulness in assessment and risk management

Single and sequential extraction procedures are often used to study the environmental fate of trace elements from soils and sediments. Although these schemes are quite popular, they are prone to various sources of errors, which require them to be thoroughly controlled. Owing to their operationally-defined character, the only way to compare analytical data is to stick closely to procedures that have been collaboratively studied and written in the form of an operating protocol. Groups of scientists have hence developed ‘harmonised’ procedures that are used as a reference for fractionation studies. A higher level is the formal standardisation of the procedures by official standardisation bodies, which also fulfils the need for achieving the comparability of data obtained by different laboratories from different countries. This paper discusses aspects of harmonisation (consensus obtained by groups of scientists) and standardisation (adoption of standards as mandated by an international organisation) as applied to single and extraction schemes for trace element fractionation studies, including quality control aspects.     

Growth,survival, and heavy metal (Cd and Ni) uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) in a biochar‐amended sewage‐irrigated contaminated soil

Irrigation of arable land with contaminated sewage waters leads to the accumulation of trace metals in soils with subsequent phyto‐/zootoxic consequences. In this study, biochar derived from cotton sticks was used to amend an agricultural silt‐loam soil that had been previously irrigated with trace metal contaminated sewage waters. Metal accumulation and toxicity to spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) was investigated by measuring concentrations of Cd and Ni in plant tissues and various photosynthetic and biochemical activities of plants. Positive impacts of biochar on both spinach and fenugreek were observed in terms of biomass production that increased from 29% to 36% in case of spinach, while for fenugreek this increase was 32% to 36%. In the control treatment there was an increase in malondialdihyde, soluble sugar, and ascorbic acid contents, indicating heavy metal stress. Biochar applications increased soluble proteins and amino acids in plants and reduced the uptake of Cd from 5.42 mg kg^?1 at control to 3.45 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar amended soil and Ni (13.8 mg kg^?1 to 7.3 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar) by the spinach plants. In fenugreek, the Cd was reduced from 7.72 mg kg^?1 to 3.88 mg kg^?1 and reduction in Ni was from 15.45 mg kg^?1 to 9.46 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar treated soil, reducing the possibility of transfer up the food chain. This study demonstrates that the use of biochar made from cotton‐sticks, as an amendment to arable soils that have received contaminated irrigation water, could improve plant growth and decrease Cd and Ni uptake to crops, alleviating some of the negative impacts of using sewage waters on arable land.     

泌阳县肉牛养殖常用饲料原料中微量元素及重金属含量分析

[目的]饲料原料中微量元素和重金属的含量对肉牛的生长发育及生态环境均有重要影响,通过对肉牛养殖中常用饲料原料中的微量元素及重金属含量进行分析,为肉牛养殖提供参考.[方法]研究对泌阳县境内24份肉牛养殖常用的饲料原料样品进行分析,采用硼氢化钾还原原子荧光光谱法测定了饲料原料中4种微量元素(铜、铁、锌、硒)及2种重金属(砷...     

隐喻性思维中的文化印痕

语言和文化有着密切的关系，对语言的理解过程反映了语言使用者的思维方式和文化背景。隐喻性语言因其特殊性，使得对它的理解更加依赖语言使用者的文化积累。本文将选择隐喻为视角，以英语和汉语为例，说明人类思维过程中的文化印痕