无卡轴旋切机变速进给模型与恒线速旋切运动轨迹模型的研究

详细分析了无卡轴旋切机的工作原理,推导了旋切过程中刀刃进给速度与圆木直径的数学模型,同时得出旋切时间的近似计算式。从中可知,旋切过程中刀刃进给速度必须按一定规律变化才能保证旋切机正常工作。建立了旋切机恒线速旋切的运动轨迹模型,推导出旋切机恒线速旋切时间的精确计算式,并在此基础上提出了旋切时间简便的近似计算式。这些研究结果均可用于指导设计和进行实际生产。     

Zinc supplementation strategies in feedlot heifers receiving an extended-release implant or an aggressive re-implant program

Two hundred eight Angus-crossbred heifers (291 ± 23 kg) from four sources were used in a randomized complete block design. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of implant strategy and Zn supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, muscle fiber diameter, and mineral status of heifers. Heifers were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial study for 168 d, and factors included Zn and implant (IMP). Heifers were supplemented Zn (mg/kg dry matter [DM]; ZnSO₄) at national (30; NRC) or industry (100; IND) recommendations. Implant strategies (Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) included extended-release Revalor-XH on day 0 (REV-XH; 20 mg estradiol + 200 mg trenbolone acetate) containing four uncoated pellets and six coated pellets or the uncoated implant Revalor-200 on day 0 and again on day 91 (REV-200; 20 mg estradiol + 200 mg trenbolone acetate). Heifers were blocked by weight within source to pens of five or six heifers per pen (nine pens per treatment). A corn silage-based diet was fed during the growing period (days 0–55) followed by transition to a corn-based finishing diet. Weights were taken consecutively on days −1/0, 55/56, and 167/168. Liver and muscle from the longissimus thoracis were collected from one heifer per pen on days −5, 14, 105, and 164. Data were analyzed via Mixed Procedure of SAS. Average daily gain (ADG) and liver mineral used Period as the repeated effect. Corresponding to periods of high hormone payout from each implant, days 0–28 and 91–120 ADG were greatest for REV-200, whereas REV-XH numerically peaked during days 56–91 (IMP × Period; P = 0.02). Day 91 IND body weight tended to be heavier (P = 0.06) and day 120 body weight was heavier (P = 0.05) than NRC heifers. No effect of Zn or IMP on final body weight was observed (P ≥ 0.21). Muscle fiber cross-sectional diameter on day 164 was greater (P = 0.05) in IND than NRC. Liver Mn concentrations decreased by day 14 regardless of implant, though days 105 and 164 concentrations were lesser for REV-200 than REV-XH (IMP × Period; P = 0.02). No effects of Zn, IMP, or the interaction were observed for carcass-adjusted gain to feed, days 0–168 DM intake, hot carcass weight, or ribeye area (P ≥ 0.11). The nominal differences in performance between implant strategies suggest that extended-release implants may be an effective implant strategy to replace re-implant programs in heifers, whereas the improved performance of heifers fed IND vs. NRC during times of peak hormone payout suggests a role for Zn in periods of rapid growth.     

Strategies of inorganic and organic trace mineral supplementation in gestating hyperprolific sow diets: effects on the offspring performance and fetal programming

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of trace mineral nutrition on sow performance, mineral content, and intestinal gene expression of neonate piglets when inorganic mineral sources (ITM) were partially replaced by their organic mineral (OTM) counterparts. At 35 d postmating, under commercial conditions, a total of 240 hyperprolific multiparous sows were allocated into three experimental diets: 1) ITM: with Zn, Cu, and Mn at 80, 15, and 60 mg/kg, respectively; 2) partial replacement trace mineral source (Replace): with a 30 % replacement of ITM by OTM, resulting in ITM + OTM supplementation of Zn (56 + 24 mg/kg), Cu (10.5 + 4.5 mg/kg), and Mn (42 + 18 mg/kg); and 3) Reduce and replace mineral source (R&R): reducing a 50% of the ITM source of Zn (40 + 24 mg/kg), Cu (7.5 + 4.5 mg/kg), and Mn (30 + 18 mg/kg). At farrowing, 40 piglets were selected, based on birth weight (light: <800 g, and average: >1,200 g), for sampling. Since the present study aimed to reflect results under commercial conditions, it was difficult to get an equal parity number between the experimental diets. Overall, no differences between experimental diets on sow reproductive performance were observed. Light piglets had a lower mineral content (P < 0.05) and a downregulation of several genes (P < 0.10) involved in physiological functions compared with their average littermates. Neonate piglets born from Replace sows had an upregulation of genes involved in functions like immunity and gut barrier, compared with those born from ITM sows (P < 0.10), particularly in light piglets. In conclusion, the partial replacement of ITM by their OTM counterparts represents an alternative to the totally inorganic supplementation with improvements on neonate piglet gene expression, particularly in the smallest piglets of the litter. The lower trace mineral storage together with the greater downregulation of gut health genes exposed the immaturity and vulnerability of small piglets.     

Discrimination of the natal origin of young-of-the-year Allis shad (Alosa alosa) in the Garonne–Dordogne basin (south-west France) using otolith chemistry

Abstract –  The otolith composition of age 0+ Allis shad ( Alosa alosa ) captured in two rivers in the Gironde system in south-west France, the Dordogne and the Garonne, was analysed to establish the natal origin of the fish. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses were used to take measurements of 15 isotopes, among which Co, Fe, Sr and Rb were the most important elements in the discrimination process. It was possible to reclassify each sampled fish into its natal river basin (Garonne or Dordogne) with a high degree of accuracy. Linear discriminant analysis correctly reclassified 91.1% of the Garonne samples and 87.8% of the Dordogne samples (mean success in reclassification in 20 runs ± 1 SD: 89.21 ± 8.6%). Artificial neural networks correctly reclassified 90.1% of the Garonne samples and 81.2% of the Dordogne samples (mean success in reclassification after 1000 training cycles ±1 SD: 85.6 ± 9.1%). Using these tools the present results show that it is possible to assign a natal origin to juvenile shad that hatched in the Dordogne–Garonne basin based on the trace elements in the otolith.     

秸秆厌氧干发酵产沼气的微量元素筛选

为研究微量元素对厌氧干发酵产沼气效果的影响,采用Plackett-Burman试验对7种不同微量元素进行优化筛选,以产气效果为指标,筛选对产气量有重要影响的因子。试验结果表明:微量元素对秸秆厌氧干发酵有明显促进作用,最大产气量为7 922mL,比空白组提高76.1%;显著因子为Ni,Mg,Mo。     

The Estimation of Soil Trace Elements Distribution and Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Relation to Trace Elements Status of Sheep in Huangcheng Area of Qilian Mountain Grassland,China

The purpose of the present study was to survey contents of trace elements of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in the surface layer （0-20 cm） in the soil, pasture and serum of sheep in Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. Also the soil-plantanimal continuum was analyzed. Soil （n=300）, pasture （n=60）, and blood serum samples from sheep （n=480） were collected from Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. The contents of trace element in the samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after digestion. The soil trace elements density distribution shows a ladder-like pattern distribution. Equations developed in the present study for prediction of Fe （R2=0.943） and Zn （R2=0.882） had significant R2 values.     

痕量灌溉管不同埋深对日光温室沙培黄瓜的影响

以微喷灌溉(CK)为对照,研究痕量灌溉管在沙培中不同埋深对日光温室春季黄瓜生长、产量和水分生产效率等的影响.结果表明,T3处理(25cm)的黄瓜生长与CK(微喷)相比受到显著抑制,T1 (5cm)、T2(15cm)处理黄瓜生物积累量、叶片净光合速率、果实品质与CK相比均有所提高,不同处理间叶片电导率、MDA、根系活力差异不显著,T1、T2、T3处理沙子含水量均低于CK;T1处理的产量比T2处理提高了1.9％;与CK相比的T1、T2处理水分生产效率分别提高50.9％、60.0％.分析表明,日光温室沙培黄瓜栽培中痕量灌溉管埋设深度为5 cm最佳.     

CVT起步离合器模糊控制算法研究

探讨了汽车无级变速器控制的关键技术之一———汽车起步离合器的控制技术,并针对汽车起步时条件的多样性以及驾驶员意图的不确定性,研究了适用于复杂条件的模糊控制算法.在离合器的滑磨阶段,把动态跟踪发动机转速的油压作为控制目标,离合器结合的控制便转化为一闭环控制.结果表明汽车能在任意工况下平顺快速起步.因此,本研究为控制CVT(Continuously Variable Transmission)起步离合器这种时变、非线性系统提出了一种简单可行的解决方法.     

刺鲃鱼卵营养成分分析及评价

为了对刺鲃(Spinibarbus caldwelli)鱼卵的营养品质进行评价,本试验采用常规方法对刺鲃鱼卵的一般营养成分含量、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成和微量元素含量进行了测定。结果表明:刺鲃鱼卵(鲜样)中粗蛋白质含量为27.66%、粗脂肪含量为3.18%、水分含量为64.26%、粗灰分含量为3.09%。刺鲃鱼卵共检测出17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)7种,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)10种,总氨基酸(TAA)含量为23.21%,EAA含量为9.28%,NEAA含量为13.93%;EAA构成比例符合FAO/W HO标准,分别以氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)进行评价,其第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸均为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为59.26%。刺鲃鱼卵共检测出11种脂肪酸,其中3种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、3种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、5种多不饱和脂肪(PUFA),分别占脂肪酸总量的22.68%、48.40%、28.93%;C20∶5n-3(EPA)+C22∶6n-3(DHA)占脂肪酸总量的8.53%。刺鲃鱼卵中微量元素铜、锌、铁、锰、硒含量丰富,其中锌、铁含量分别高达90.986 5、31.386 3 mg/kg。由此得出,刺鲃鱼卵营养丰富,有较高的综合开发利用价值。     

微量营养素与脂肪对动物基因表达的调控作用

微量营养素与脂肪作为动物新陈代谢的重要营养物质,只有满足生长发育的营养需要,动物才能平稳的进行各项生命活动,更重要的是它们还作为基因表达的调控物,可以在多途径、多水平对动物基因表达进行调控。动物日粮中营养素含量和类型都会影响动物的基因表达,进而导致动物机体的代谢途径和效率发生改变,最终影响动物的营养需求和生产性能。近年来,随着分子生物技术的发展,营养素对动物基因表达的调控作用及其机制逐渐被揭示出来,新的研究发现纷纷涌现。作者针对微量营养素与脂肪对动物基因表达的调控作用研究进展进行综述,旨在为更准确、更合理地确定动物对营养素的需要量提供理论依据。此外,本综述还对营养素调控基因表达的研究与应用前景作了展望。