酸模叶蓼对大豆生长的影响及其经济阈值

酸模叶蓼是大豆田的恶性杂草,严重危害大豆生长发育及产量,为明确酸模叶蓼在大豆田中的经济危害允许水平和经济阈值,在大田条件下采用添加系列试验和拟合函数关系模型的方法,研究了酸模叶蓼与大豆的竞争关系。结果表明,在酸模叶蓼的竞争干扰下,大豆单株荚数,产量均随酸模叶蓼密度的增加而逐渐降低,而株高没有显著变化。线性函数模型y=-0.443x+39.453(R2=0.962,F=75.887,P=0.003)能较好地拟合酸模叶蓼对大豆单株荚数的影响;二次曲线函数模型y=0.702x~2-54.395x+3027.810(R~2=0.972,F=34.843,P=0.028)能较好地拟合大豆产量与酸模叶蓼密度之间的关系,对数函数y=16.131lnx-23.458(R2=0.911,F=20.532,P=0.045)能较好的拟合大豆产量损失与酸模叶蓼密度之间的关系。大豆田酸模叶蓼人工拔除的经济阈值为10.22株/m2,使用75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂、80%阔草清水分散粒剂、95%精异丙甲草胺乳油防除的经济阈值分别为4.75、5.03、5.25株/m~2。酸模叶蓼对大豆产量有明显影响,通过对经济阈值分析,在大豆田化学除草剂防治酸模叶蓼具有明显的经济优势。     

西南区域水稻关键生育期界限温度起始期的预测研究

保证作物安全生产是种植制度的根本要求,也是作物稳产、高产的基础。本文基于西南水稻种植区317个气象台站1961-2015年的日平均气温和最高气温资料,分析了近55年来该区域不同保证率下水稻安全播种期、水稻开花期高温热害和低温冷害的最早发生期,并建立了西南区域水稻各关键生育期界限温度起始期预测模型。预测结果表明：80%~95%保证率下,云南南部的水稻育秧安全播种期最早,平均在2月20日左右;云南北部、四川攀西南部和盆地中部、重庆大部和贵州部分地区在3月10日-4月10日;而其余大部地区在4月10日-5月20日。80%~95%保证率下中稻开花期高温热害主要发生在四川盆地、重庆、贵州北部和东南部,大部地区最早出现在7月15日-8月20日。80%~95%保证率下再生稻或晚稻开花期低温冷害最早出现在云南和贵州大部、四川攀西地区,平均在6月20日-7月15日;四川盆地西部、贵州东北部平均为8月1-20日;其余大部地区在8月20日-9月20日。基于纬度、经度和海拔高度建立的西南区域水稻各关键生育期界限温度起始期预测模型,简单实用,可为西南水稻安全生产、防灾减灾等提供理论依据。     

A comparison between multivariate Slash, Student's t and probit threshold models for analysis of clinical mastitis in first lactation cows

Robust threshold models with multivariate Student's t or multivariate Slash link functions were employed to infer genetic parameters of clinical mastitis at different stages of lactation, with each cow defining a cluster of records. The robust fits were compared with that from a multivariate probit model via a pseudo‐Bayes factor and an analysis of residuals. Clinical mastitis records on 36 178 first‐lactation Norwegian Red cows from 5286 herds, daughters of 245 sires, were analysed. The opportunity for infection interval, going from 30 days pre‐calving to 300 days postpartum, was divided into four periods: (i) ?30 to 0 days pre‐calving; (ii) 1–30 days; (iii) 31–120 days; and (iv) 121–300 days of lactation. Within each period, absence or presence of clinical mastitis was scored as 0 or 1 respectively. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods were used to draw samples from posterior distributions of interest. Pseudo‐Bayes factors strongly favoured the multivariate Slash and Student's t models over the probit model. The posterior mean of the degrees of freedom parameter for the Slash model was 2.2, indicating heavy tails of the liability distribution. The posterior mean of the degrees of freedom for the Student's t model was 8.5, also pointing away from a normal liability for clinical mastitis. A residual was the observed phenotype (0 or 1) minus the posterior mean of the probability of mastitis. The Slash and Student's t models tended to have smaller residuals than the probit model in cows that contracted mastitis. Heritability of liability to clinical mastitis was 0.13–0.14 before calving, and ranged from 0.05 to 0.08 after calving in the robust models. Genetic correlations were between 0.50 and 0.73, suggesting that clinical mastitis resistance is not the same trait across periods, corroborating earlier findings with probit models.     

菲律宾蛤仔对石油烃的污染动力学和阈值研究

以食用菲律宾蛤仔为研究对象,采用半静态动力学富集实验方法,探讨双壳贝类对石油烃的污染动力学特征。结果表明:经过4d石油烃在贝体和水环境之间达到稳态平衡;生物富集系数(BCF)为545;浓度为0.068 mg/L的石油烃水体组,富集平衡后贝体内的石油烃含量高于贝体内的石油烃异味阈值(25~30mg/kg)。参考USEPA、GB18421-2001等关于双壳贝类中石油烃限量的规定,根据石油多环芳烃的毒力机理,把菲律宾蛤仔对石油烃污染的安全阈值定为0.03~0.05mg/L较为合理。     

滴灌施肥灌水下限和施肥量对温室番茄生长、产量和生理特性的影响

为探索有利于提高番茄生长和产量的温室滴灌施肥有效模式,试验设置了3个灌水下限[W1(65％θF)、W2(75％θF)和W3(85％θF)]和3个施肥水平[F1(低肥)、F2(中肥)和F3(高肥)],在设施栽培条件下研究了滴灌施肥不同灌水下限和施肥量对番茄植株生长、生理特性和产量的影响.结果表明:滴灌施肥条件下不同的灌水下限和施肥量对温室番茄生长、产量和生理特性都有一定的影响.在同一灌水下限条件下,增加施肥量可以显著提高番茄株高、叶面积、光合和蒸腾速率、干物质量和产量,但过高的施肥量反而不利于其生长、干物质累积和产量的提高;在同一施肥水平下,适当上调灌水下限可以显著增加番茄株高、叶面积和干物质量,过高的灌水下限不利于番茄的生长、光合速率和产量的提高.在试验的砂壤土中,W2F2处理最有利于番茄的生长、干物质的形成、产量和水分利用效率的提高.研究还表明,不同水肥处理条件下,番茄的产量与干物质量和叶片的净光合速率均呈显著的线性相关,番茄叶片的水分利用效率与净光合速率的变化关系均呈二次抛物线相关.     

淮河上游冬小麦生长关键期旱涝灾害阈值研究

利用淮河上游地区1961-2015年13个气象站逐日降水数据,计算冬小麦生长关键期(2、3、4月)1个月尺度及3个月尺度SPI值,结合冬小麦产量数据,确定生长关键期对产量灾损率影响的具体时段,在此基础上分析了降水量变化及旱涝灾害空间分布,建立了SPI值与产量灾损率之间的定量关系。结果表明,(1)生长关键期(SPI3)和4月(SPI1_4)SPI值均与产量灾损率相关性程度高,分别通过0.01和0.05显著性水平检验;2个时段降水量变化整体呈减少趋势,且旱涝灾害空间分布存在一定的差异;(2)当SPI3值和SPI1_4值分别为-2.23和-1.82时,达到决定发生旱灾时产量灾损的阈值;(3)SPI3值和SPI1_4值与产量灾损率相关系数分别为0.94和0.82,在典型涝灾年,SPI值与产量灾损率具有线性关系。     

辽宁省春玉米田杂草的生态经济防治阈期研究

在沈阳、庄河两地的田间试验,建立了玉米田苗后有草天数或无草天数与产量损失率间的函数关系模型,明确了辽宁省春玉米田杂草的生态经济防治阈期为玉米出苗后18～65 d.在此期间内保持田间杂草少于经济防治阈值,既可确保杂草造成的减产率低于3%,又能充分发挥杂草在生态系统中的积极作用.     

Determination of a tissue and sediment threshold for tributyltin to protect prey species of juvenile salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act

• 1. The purpose of this report is to determine the concentrations of tributyltin in sediments that would be protective against adverse effects on prey species of salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act.
• 2. Two approaches for determining adverse sediment concentrations due to tributyltin (TBT) contamination are presented here. The first is the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach, which relies on a sediment‐water partition coefficient and toxicological data for water exposures. The EqP approach utilizes the large water quality database that has been generated over the last two decades for TBT and provides strong evidence for adverse effects at low exposure concentrations.
• 3. The second approach involves determination of a TBT tissue residue that is considered harmful for most species, which is then used to predict the sediment concentration that would likely produce this adverse tissue concentration.
• 4. Both approaches are presented here because they generally support each other but based on the information presented below, and the inherent difficulty in measuring porewater concentrations, the tissue residue approach is the recommended method for determining adverse sediment concentrations.
• 5. Using this analysis, the protective sediment concentration for TBT proposed here is 6000 ng g^?1organic carbon. Direct effects are not expected on salmonids at this sediment concentration because of their relatively short residence time in the estuary, general lack of interaction with sediment, and relatively high metabolic capacity. This concentration may ensure adequate abundance of salmonid prey species; however, it may not be low enough for the protection of sensitive benthic species.

Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于逻辑回归算法的复杂背景棉田冠层图像自适应阈值分割

棉田冠层覆盖度是监测棉田棉花长势的重要指标,针对棉田复杂环境中冠层图像难以准确分割的问题,该文提出了一种基于逻辑回归算法的复杂背景棉田冠层图像自适应阈值分割方法。首先将棉田冠层图像像素分成叶片冠层和地表背景2类,在HSV颜色空间中分别提取两类像素的H通道值,在RGB颜色空间中分别提取绿色占比值(G/(G+R+B))作为颜色特征;再利用逻辑回归算法确定出各颜色特征的分割阈值,通过H通道分割阈值实现图像的初次分割;再对初次分割结果中的低亮像素使用逻辑回归算法计算出的超绿特征阈值进行低亮像素分割,同时采用绿色占比分割阈值对图像高亮像素及低亮像素分割结果整体实现二次分割,最后采用形态学滤波方法对分割结果进行优化。为评价该分割方法,利用从新疆棉花产区采集到的320幅棉田冠层图像进行试验。结果表明,该方法可在棉田复杂自然背景下,有效分割出棉田冠层区域,平均相对目标面积误差率仅为5.46%,总体平均匹配率达到93.07%;优于超绿特征OTSU分割方法(平均相对目标面积误差率11.78%,总体平均匹配率76.43%)、四分量分割方法(平均相对目标面积误差率24.11%,总体平均匹配率71.67%)、显著性分割方法(平均相对目标面积误差率36.92%,总体平均匹配率66.92%)。该方法的平均处理时间为4.63 s,相对于超绿特征OTSU法(3.84 s)和四分量分割法(2.56 s),耗时多一些,但与显著性分割法(6.25 s)对比,花费时间要少。研究结果可为棉田自然复杂环境下机器视觉技术监测棉花覆盖度提供一种有效途径。