不确定性条件下分布式农业生产预警模型构建与应用

构建了基于梯形模糊数和分布式作物模拟模型的空间分布式农业生产预警模型来实现作物产量和水分生产力综合警情预警预报。模型采用空间分布式作物产量和水分生产力作为警情指标来计算系统警级,引入梯形模糊数来表征目标产量和水分生产力的不确定性,采用空间分布式作物模拟模型来模拟常规灌溉、0.8倍常规灌溉和0.6倍常规灌溉下的作物产量和水分生产力,进而对现状1976—2012年和未来RCP4.5情景下2026—2045年不同灌溉水平下进行农业生产风险预报预警,并衡量了未来20年产量和水分生产力的静态协调度和每5年4个周期的动态协调度。结果表明,同一作物在不同土壤类型和不同灌溉水平下预警等级不同,警级随着灌溉水平的降低呈现不规则变化规律,协调性随着灌溉水平的降低而减小。模型能够识别出未来气候变化不同节水灌溉水平下的空间异质性作物产量和水分生产力的警级,实现精准化农业生产风险预警预报,有利于实现高效率降警处理。     

外包滤料对暗管排水与土壤脱盐效果的影响

为了探究不同外包滤料条件下的暗管排水性能和土壤脱盐效果,基于室内试验研究成果,在田间设置4种暗管排水系统(各系统中暗管埋深均为80 cm,间距均为20 m),所用外包滤料分别为68 g/m²土工布(L)、砂滤料(S)、68 g/m²土工布+砂滤料(LS)和无外包滤料(W),以当地常规明沟排水(CK)作为对照,通过田间试验分析了春灌过程中各暗管系统的排水性能指标及土壤脱盐效率.结果表明:相比处理W,处理L,S和LS平均排水速率提升了7.44%,12.55%和15.75%,平均流量衰减度降低4.07%;处理S和LS累积排水量提高了5.11%和8.31%(P<0.05).各暗管处理春灌后平均土壤脱盐率均达47%以上,较CK提升显著,其中处理LS效果最优,为50.94%.综上,应优先选择处理LS作为河套灌区暗管排水系统外包滤料布设方案.该研究结果可为河套灌区暗管排盐技术的推广应用提供理论支撑和科学指导.     

Processing tomato quality as affected by irrigation scheduling

In Southern Italy the paucity of water is a very important problem and due to the fundamental importance of the water for the processing tomato, in this study the influence of irrigation on processing tomato quality was investigated in the years 2002 and 2003. A hybrid processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill cv. Ability) was treated with different water regimes obtained combining amount of water and irrigation interval. The effects of the trials were evaluated taking into account the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits, as well as the content in antioxidants moieties. Furthermore, the relationship among all the quality parameters and the seasonal amount of irrigation water was evaluated.The results, comparing different water regimes obtained combining amount of water and irrigation interval, gave useful indications on the possibility to improve nutritional tomato quality by reducing irrigation water during tomato cropping. In particular, relatively to the Mediterranean areas of tomato cultivation and to the texture of the soil considered in this study, the best compromise between quality and quantity of the processing tomato fruit was achieved both with the extension of the irrigation interval (L40 or L60) and with the limitation of irrigation volume for the second part of the tomato crop cycle (thesis 100-50). Extending the irrigation interval and limiting irrigation volume for the second part of the tomato crop cycle, appeared to be the best management strategy to optimize the yield and nutritional quality of processing tomato.     

Sap flow in ‘Hass’ avocado trees on two clonal rootstocks in relation to xylem anatomy

The rates of sap flow and xylem vessel features were studied in two-year-old nongrafted and grafted avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees. Daily sap flow rates were measured with heat and balance stem gauges in clonal Duke 7 (D7) and Toro Canyon (TC) trees and ‘Hass’ clonal scions grafted onto clonal D7 (H/D7) and TC (H/TC) rootstocks. Vessel features as size, number and total vessel area were determined histologically in the stem of the scion and rootstock and the roots of the grafted trees. Significant differences in the sap flow rate were found among the rootstocks, where D7 had a 29% higher sap flow rate than did TC (grafted and nongrafted trees). There were no differences among xylem vessel features in the stems of any of the varieties. However in the roots, D7 had wider and fewer vessels then TC do. Also, D7 had a 19% higher total vessel area than TC. These results suggest that the differences in water consumption of ‘Hass’ on different rootstocks may be associated with differences in the efficiency of the roots to absorb water across conductive tissue which may be linked to differences in the area of xylem vessels in the root.     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

渗灌节水技术在保护地蔬菜栽培中的应用研究

结合保护地渗灌栽培试验,介绍了渗灌节水技术在保护地蔬菜栽培中的优势和应用现状,提出了渗灌技术在保护地应用过程中存在的问题,并提出了解决当前存在的主要问题及建议.     

滴灌条件下不同施钾量对甘蔗产质量的影响

为了评估甘蔗生产上应用滴灌施肥技术的效应,比较了滴灌系统及传统方法施用钾肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响以甘蔗品种粤糖00—236为试材．进行了1年（2006～2007）露天盆栽滴灌种植试验。设置了4个通过滴灌系统施用的钾肥（KCl）水平,K1：10g／盆,K2：15g／盆,K3：20g／盆和K4：30g／盆,滴灌各处理施尿素15g／盆,和1个常规施肥方式（肥料施用量为尿素30g／盆和KCl30g／盆）。试验结果表明．滴灌施肥显著促进了甘蔗的生长．比常规施肥的甘蔗产量获得显著提高,K1、K2、K3和K4处理的每盆蔗茎收获量分别比常规管理的增加了19．2％、38．6％、45．9％和56．4％、滴灌条件下,施钾量不同对甘蔗产质量有显著影响．甘蔗产量随施钾量的增加而增加．但过多施用钾肥对甘蔗品质有负面影响.在甘蔗生产上应用滴灌施肥技术,可以节省钾肥的施用量。而且钾肥用量为常规推荐施用量的一半即可获得较常规施犯高三成以上的产量,通过滴灌系统施用钾肥既有经济效益．又有环境效益．     

地被植物在南京仙林大学城景观规划中的应用

阐述园林地被植物的概念、生态习性,调查研究南京仙林大学城绿地中常见的多年生草本地被植物,同时对地被植物在景观规划中的配置应用及存在的问题进行探讨。     

贵阳市植物景观规划设计探讨

对贵阳市植物景观现状调查分析,强调在城市总体规划中绿地同其它用地一样重要,植物景观规划应是城市绿地系统规划中重要一项。植物景观设计应遵循科学性与艺术性相结合的基本原则,要注重园林植物的形式美和意境美及体现地方文化特色。指出贵阳市植物景观特色的体现重要的一点就是向自然学习,体现植物的最佳适用性,把使用乡土树种、以乔木为主的植物配置从图纸上落实在建设中,以此推行节约型、生态型、可持续发展的园林绿化。最后列出几种宜于贵阳市的植物配置模式以供参考。