Effects of preferential flow on soil-water and surface runoff in a forested watershed in China

Preferential flow is a runoff mechanism intermediate between matrix flow and surface flow, transmitting water at high velocity through the subsurface zone. To assess the effect of preferential flow on soil-water flow and surface runoff in a forested watershed, precipitation and volumes of preferential flow, matrix flow and surface runoff were measured over a period of four years in a forested watershed in the Three Gorges area of southern China. Results show that preferential-flow hydrographs have gentler rises and steeper recessions than those for matrix flow and surface runoff. Preferential flow as a percentage of soil-water flow ranged from 2.40% to 8.72% and the maximum preferential-flow velocity exceeded as much as 5600 times that of matrix flow. This shows that preferential flow plays an important role in the movement of soil water. Preferential flow has a significant effect on peak surface runoff by increasing the surface runoff rate and accelerating the appearance of peak surface runoff. Preferential flow can also prolong the duration of surface runoff. Surface runoff was observed to be positively correlated with preferential flow. The greater the sum of rainfall amount and antecedent precipitation is, the greater the effect of preferential flow on surface runoff is.     

柠条主根液流与叶面积关系初探

运用热扩散技术对3株柠条主根部液流速率进行了监测,对试验期间典型晴天日(30d)液流速率的分析表明:柠条根部液流传输受大气蒸发力、冠层输出、边材面积的共同影响;1、2、3号样株边材面积分别为6.61、7.17、5.06 cm2,日平均液流总量分别为457.92、1014.66、292.12 g·d-1,日平均液流总量随边材面积的增加而增大;各样株间日平均液流总量的差异显著,而单位叶面积的液流量无显著差异;2号柠条样株的液流速率日变化动态与潜在蒸发散的相关性最强,叶面积/边材面积为0.62m2·cm-2,可以作为评定柠条单株是否具有与当地水文条件相适应的根冠比例关系的重要指标.试验期间样株根区60～140 cm内土壤平均含水量分别占田间持水量的51.04%、63.26%和87.0%,土壤水分状况较好.     

云南竹文化旅游开发在竹产业发展中的地位——以滇中竹乡新平县为例

云南省新平县的老厂乡是典型的彝族乡镇,早在清光绪年间就挖笋制丝,作为贡品。直至今日,竹林面积近4900hm²,而且是集中连片分布,可谓是"滇中第一大竹园"。这么丰富的竹资源却因没能引进资金和技术而未能得到科学的开发和利用,更不用说形成成熟的竹产业。本文试图通过对该地区民族竹文化进行考察和开发,研究民族贫困地区竹文化旅游开发在竹产业发展中的地位。     

Financial feasibility of using shelterbelts for swine odor mitigation

A farm-level financial feasibility was performed to examine the use of shelterbelts as a swine odor mitigation technology. Shelterbelts are purposefully planted rows of trees and shrubs around the main sources of swine odor—swine buildings, manure storage systems, and crop fields that receive land applied manure. By using a series of model pork finishing farms and a number of differing shelterbelt design scenarios, the shelterbelt establishment and long-term (20 years) maintenance costs were calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis. Total costs for examined pork finishing farms, depending upon the shelterbelt design scenario, and whether or not government cost-share programming was used, ranged from $0.01 to $0.65 per pig produced. Study results emphasized the importance of cost-share programs, particularly Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP). In most cases, both with and without cost-share programming, the total costs were well below reported pork producer expenditures for odor management.

5种屋顶绿化植物抗旱性研究

对应用于屋顶绿化的5种园林植物的抗旱性进行研究,分析了不同水分胁迫条件下,5种植物的叶片相对电导率、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素荧光、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等变化趋势。结果表明：随着水分胁迫强度的增大,5种植物的叶片相对电导率呈上升趋势,叶片相对含水量、叶绿素荧光、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈下降趋势,但不同植物的抗旱生理指标变化幅度不尽相同。主成分分析结果表明,综合抗旱能力强弱为小蚌兰>铺地锦>假花生>马缨丹>南美蟛蜞菊;叶片相对含水量是评价水分胁迫最重要的指标,其次为相对电导率。     

基于单片机的自动气象站数据报警系统

目前,针对自动气象站数据报警的解决方案大部分基于终端软件实现,有一些局限性。本文介绍一种采用单片机为核心处理器的报警系统,该系统具有占用资源少、使用简单等优点。     

哈尔滨市规模住区人居环境实态研究

对照“金牌住区”七大特色目标,对哈尔滨市近年开发的规模住区人居环境进行深入调研,分析总结现状存在的共性特征和发展的优劣势,指出今后规模住区人居环境改进方向。     

华北石质山区刺槐人工林的土壤呼吸

2006年1-12月,利用Li-8100土壤呼吸自动观测系统及AR5土壤温度湿度自动观测系统观测土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度及湿度,分析华北石质山区35年生刺槐林土壤呼吸速率时间变化规律及其影响机制.结果表明:1)刺槐林土壤呼吸速率日内变化特征不明显,但日际及季节变化明显,全年呈现出单峰变化趋势,且与土壤温度的日际及季节变化趋势基本一致.具体表现为: 1-3月土壤呼吸速率较低,日际变化略有波动,从4月开始逐渐上升 ,直至7月达到最大值,而后开始逐渐下降,直至11月约降低至1-3月时的水平,并保持到1 2月.全年土壤呼吸速率平均值为2.50 μmol·m-2s-1,主要生长季(4-10月 )土壤呼吸速率明显高于非主要生长季(1、2、11及12月),二者分别为3.63与0.90 μmo l·m-2s-1 .2) 刺槐林地土壤呼吸速率与表层0 cm、地下5、10、15和20 cm 深度处土壤温度都存在极显著的指数相关关系(p<0.01),且与土深20 cm处温度的相关性最好.上述不同深度处的Q10值分别是2.20、2.28、2.34、2.40和2.48. 3)刺槐林地土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率的相关关系不明显.     

Recovery of photosynthetic capacity in Scots pine: a model analysis of forest plots with contrasting soil temperature

Both aboveground and belowground climate affects net primary production (NNP) and forest growth. Little is known about how above and belowground factors interact. The BIOMASS-model was tested to simulate photosynthetic recovery over a wide range of soil temperatures created by snow cover manipulations on tree-scale plots in a 20-year-old Scots pine stand in northern Sweden. The differences in timing of soil warming between the plots covered a span of two months. Carbon assimilation in needles, sap flow, needle water potential and climatic parameters were measured in the field. The simulations revealed that an early start of soil warming gave a relatively early photosynthetic recovery and a 7.5% increase of NPP. Late soil warming delayed the photosynthetic recovery and reduced the NPP by 13.7%. This indicated that soil temperature needed to be accounted for, as well as air temperature, when analysing photosynthetic recovery and NPP in boreal environment. The effects of differences in soil temperature were reflected in the simulated photosynthetic recovery. The model did not fully capture the delay of photosynthetic recovery caused by a late soil warming. It was possible to integrate the complexity of the soil climate effects into a threshold date for soil thaw, using sapflow measurements together with information about air temperature and a day degree sum, as long as water availability was not limiting water uptake by roots. Although a more realistic mechanism than that currently in BIOMASS is desirable as climate change shifts the typical patterns of interplay between air and soil temperature dynamics.     

杉木与七种阔叶树混交造林效果的初步研究

通过对7种优良乡土阔叶树种与杉木混交林的调查研究,结果表明:杉阔混交林提高了林分蓄积量,促进杉木和阔叶树种成林、成材。混交林中的杉木普遍比杉木纯林生长好,只有杉檫混交林例外。杉木和木兰科观光木、乳源木莲、壳斗科红锥、格氏栲以及樟科的檫树、樟树混交造林,有利于发展珍贵阔叶树种种群规模,具有推广应用前景。处理好种间关系是营造混交林成败的关键。