脉宽调制型变量喷雾系统雾量沉积分布

通过实验和理论分析建立了雾量分布模型,研究了雾量分布规律。研究表明:喷杆方向沉积变异系数在两喷头之间出现最低,而在两喷头正下方出现极高值;行驶方向的沉积变异系数沿着一定规律周期性变化,其周期与占空比相关;在相同压力的情况下,同一喷头的行驶方向及喷杆方向沉积变异系数的峰值均随着车速的提高而上升,随占空比的上升而下降;在研究范围内(40~60cm),变异系数的峰值随喷头高度的升高而降低;若车速和占空比均相同,110°扇形喷头的雾量分布较80°扇形喷头在时空方向上都更加均匀。     

基于恒压变流控制的变量喷雾试验研究

针对变量喷雾过程中引起压力变化的问题,为研究其中压力稳定性现象,利用PID恒压控制和PWM变流控制相结合的方法,建立了恒压变流喷雾试验台。在试验台上进行恒压控制试验、喷雾角测量和雾量分布测量试验,从而验证所搭建的恒压变流喷雾装置的恒压稳定性。结果表明:在喷雾流量发生变化时,试验装置能使喷头的喷雾角和雾量分布稳定在固定范围内。     

Improvement of Appearance Traits of elite Rice Zhenshan 97B by Molecular Introgression of Targeted about 800 kb Interval from Indica Rice Jiafuzhan Genome

Rice appearance trait is mainly mean grain length (GL), grain width (GW), ratio of length and width (L/W), chalkiness (CH) and transparence (TR). Appearance is the first impression, and rice appearance traits effect significantly the value of commodity. Hybrid rice is relatively low quality, especially on rice appearance quality,which restricts partially its extend and badly export of hybrid seed and rice in China.Shanyou 63, the most famous hybrid rice combination of China, could not be also sustainable application because of its poor qualities. In this studies, We attempt to improve appearance quality of the elite rice maintainer of Zhenshan 97B by using molecular approach of genomic interval targeted introgression. Three F2 populations were constructed to study the classical and molecular genetic of rice appearance traits, at the same time, molecular marker-asisted toimprove the main maintainer line, Zhenshan 97B were performed. There some following results:Three F2 populations were constructed based on crosses of Guangluai 4×Jiafuzhan (GJ popu.), Minghui 86×Jiafuzhan (MJ popu.) and Zhenshan 97B×Jiafuzhan (ZJ popu.). ZJ popu and GJ popu were produced to reconstruct the linkage maps related with rice appearance traits based on BSA, and detect QTL of target traits based on IM.In ZJ popu, 9 QTLs of target traits were detected. The interval, RM169～RM516 on Chromosome 5, was genetic locus of GW, L/W, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 10.9%, 14.9%, 12.0% and 14.2%, respectively.RM214 on chromosome 7, RM339 on chromosome 8 were genetic loci if CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.4%, 10.0%, 11.0% and 12.1%. besides there is a genetic locus, RM347, of G/W on chromosome 3, and the explained varance was 10.3%. In GJ popu, 5 QTLs of rice appearance traits were detected. The interval, RM169-RM516 on Chromosome 5, were also the genetic loci of GW, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.0%, 12.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. RM264～RM80 on chromosome 8 was the genetic loci of GW amd L/W,and the explained variances were 14.7% and 13.4%. The genotypes of all QTLs, except RM214, from Jiafuzhan contributed to improving riee appearance traits.The research was to improve the rice appearance quality of Zhenshan 97B by introgressing QTLs of rice appearance traits from Jiafuzhan, a donor parent, by means of MAS in the process of recurrent backcrossing, 4 SSR markers were used to detect the target genotypes from donor parent, and 70 SSR primers to identify the genetic background of recurrent parent. Consequently, there were 19 target individuals in BC3, in which the mean value of GL, GW, L/W, CH and BW were 6.06±0.04mm, 2.50±0.02mm, 2.43±0.02, 29.5±2.7 and 29.4±2.7%, respectively,and the mean homologous degree (HD) to recurrent parent is up to 98.22%. Compared to Zhenshan 97B, GL, CH and BW decreased 0.17 mm, 34.9% and 34.5% respectively and however L/W increased 0.19. which accounted separately for 25.37%, 54.79%, 54.57% and 10.50% of thedifference of every trait between two parents. It is very luckly to find a individual, 13BC2-3BC3 line, whose GL, GW, G/W, CH and BW were 6.04 mm, 2.43 mm, 2.49,2.5% and 2.5% separately, There is very important signification for it to be used in hybrid rice breeding improving appearance traits. In the research, MAS efficiency of 3 loci (with 4 markers ) was 5.68% and coincident degree was 73.08%.     

含糖类物料的喷雾干燥

从玻璃态转变温度着手,分析了在喷雾干燥中含有不同品种糖类物料粘壁的原因,提出了改性或在设计干燥流程时的6种应对方法。     

燃油温度和喷射压力对葵花籽油与柴油喷雾特性的影响

为探究纯植物油作为压燃内燃机替代燃料的雾化问题,利用纹影法对葵花籽纯植物油和普通柴油在不同试验条件下的喷雾特性进行了对比研究,分析了燃油温度和喷射压力对2种燃料喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角和空气卷吸作用的影响。研究结果表明:葵花籽油的喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均随着喷射压力和燃油温度的升高而增大,与柴油的变化规律相似。温度从60℃升高到90℃,喷油压力为60 MPa时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为12.4%和9.6%,120 MPa时分别为5%和4.14%;喷油压力从60 MPa升高到120 MPa,温度为60℃时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为39.7%和16.7%,90℃时分别为30.6%和10.9%;当喷射压力、背景压力和燃油温度相同时,葵花籽油比柴油具有更大的贯穿距和更小的喷雾锥角,且喷雾贯穿距平均增幅为22.5%,喷雾锥角平均降幅为60.3%;升高燃油温度和升高喷射压力都会增强雾注的空气卷吸作用,但葵花籽油的空气卷吸作用要明显弱于普通柴油。研究结果可为纯植物油作为内燃机替代燃料的可行性研究提供参考。     

果园在线混药型静电喷雾机的设计与试验

为提高果园轻型机动喷雾机的作业性能,设计了一种果园在线混药型静电喷雾机,进行了混药均匀性与稳定性试验和静电喷雾沉积试验。试验测得混药均匀性和混药稳定性的最大变异系数分别为4.46%和3.51%。采用风辅静电喷雾方式的无冠层采样架上采样点正面的雾滴附着率相对于无风辅无静电喷雾方式分别提高了9.3%、46.3%和53.2%,采样点反面的雾滴附着率分别提高了82.9%、164.3%和184.2%。风辅静电喷雾下在仿真柑橘树冠层内部叶片正面的雾滴附着率为48个/cm2左右,叶片反面为37个/cm2,相对于无风辅无静电方式分别提高了166.7%和428.6%。试验结果表明：所设计的在线混药系统具有良好的混药性能,风辅静电式喷雾系统可提高雾滴吸附能力和穿透能力,能够满足25个/cm2的病虫害防治附着率要求。该研究为果园喷雾机的机构设计和性能优化提供参考。     

生态文明视域下欠发达地区精准扶贫效益评价——以四川省南充市为例

[目的]以四川省南充市为例,研究欠发达地区精准扶贫效益,为区域脱贫攻坚决策和社会经济发展提供科学依据。[方法]采用层次分析法(AHP),以南充市精准扶贫项目为研究对象,从经济发展、社会进步、生态保护和自我发展4个维度构建精准扶贫评价指标体系,对2011—2016年南充市精准扶贫效益进行定量评估。[结果]①南充市经济发展效益经历了一个先降低,后升高的过程。其中,2011—2012年是下降期,降幅达20.8%;②南充市社会进步效益呈现下降、上升交替趋势。从2011年的0.585 1降低到2012年的0.404 0,2015—2016年逐渐增加;③南充市生态保护效益逐年上升,但2012—2013年波动下降,且均高于同期经济发展效益和社会进步效益的增加值;④南充市自我发展效益呈现增加、降低交替过程,且2011—2016年,综合效益逐年增加,2013年则波动下降。[结论]南充市自大力实施精准扶贫以来,取得了显著的经济发展效益、社会进步效益、生态保护效益和自我发展效益。     

两种干燥方式对香椿粉品质特性的影响

以香椿为原料,研究真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥对香椿粉的物理特性、基本成分、抗氧化活性、风味物质和微观结构的影响。结果表明：真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的综合品质较好。在物理特性方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的得率较高、色泽浓绿,复水性、吸油性好;而喷雾干燥香椿粉的溶解度高、堆积密度大。在基本成分方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的蛋白质、皂苷、生物碱含量均高于喷雾干燥;而VC、黄酮、多糖含量在两种干燥方式的香椿粉中无显著性差异。在抗氧化活性方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的DPPH自由基清除力和还原力均高于喷雾干燥。在风味物质方面,从真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的香椿粉中分别鉴定出49和41种挥发性成分,且真空冷冻干燥香椿粉含有较高的特征风味物质2-巯基-3, 4-二甲基-2,3-二氢噻吩。扫描电镜观察微观结构发现真空冷冻干燥香椿粉呈现蜂窝状松散结构,而喷雾干燥香椿粉多呈现出干瘪的圆球体状。综合考虑,真空冷冻干燥是一种适合制备高品质香椿粉的干燥方式。     

宽幅变量喷雾机智能控制系统设计

自走式宽幅喷雾机现场作业时,经常由于机组速度的变化导致喷施差异,影响了喷雾效果,甚至造成药害.为此,开发了基于嵌入式处理器和多传感器高效融合的变量喷雾控制系统,实现了喷洒压力和机组行走速度的在线协调控制.系统采用PID参数模糊自整定控制器,可自动根据作业速度调整喷雾压力和喷雾量,提高了单位面积施药量的均匀程度.通过对自主开发的变量喷雾样机进行实验表明,该模糊PID 控制器响应快速、适应性强,能迅速消除系统余差,使变量喷雾控制系统具有良好的动态和稳态特性.     

PWM间歇式变量喷雾的雾化特性

采用频率在20Hz以内可调、占空比可调的方波信号驱动开关电磁阀,改变电磁阀门开通和关断的时间,实现了基于脉宽调制(PWM)技术的间歇式脉动变量喷雾.以农业喷施中常用的平口扇形喷嘴为例,从间歇式脉动变量喷雾的流量调节范围、雾量分布、喷雾角、雾滴粒径、雾滴速度及喷雾动态特性随流量的变化规律等方面,分析讨论了PWM间歇式脉动变量喷雾的雾化特性.研究结果是,流量调节范围为4.17;随流量的减小,雾量分布向中央集中的趋势很小,雾滴粒径稍增大,喷雾角、雾滴粒径随流量的变化率分别为0.0433(°)/%、0.616μm/%,影响程度很微小;随流量的减小,雾滴速度基本无变化,动能中值直径(KEMD)和比能(SE)随流量的变化率分别为-0.63μm/%、0.2451J/(kg·%),流量控制对喷雾动态特性的影响也较小.