Morpho-Physiological Changes in Roots of Rice Seedling upon Submergence

Submergence is a serious environmental condition that causes large loss in rice production in rain fed lowland and flood affected area. This study evaluated morphological and physiological responses of rice roots to submergence using two tolerant rice genotypes FR13A and Swarna-Sub 1 and two sensitive ones Swarna and IR42. The tolerant genotypes had higher survival rate and less shoot elongation but greater root elongation during submergence than the sensitive ones. After submergence,the tolerant genotypes also had higher root dry weight and more active roots than the sensitive ones.Tolerant genotypes exhibited less root injury, with less malondialdehyde production and slower electrolyte leakage after submergence. Tolerant genotypes also maintained higher concentrations of soluble sugar and starch in roots and shoots and higher chlorophyll retention after submergence than the sensitive ones.Our data showed that root traits such as root activity and root growth are associated with survival rate after submergence. This is probably accomplished through higher energy supply, and membrane integrity is necessary to preserve root function and reduce injury during submergence. These root traits are important for submergence tolerance in rice.     

Responses of Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Composition to Moisture Regimes in Paddy Soils Under Long-Term Fertilization Practices

The effects of fertilization on activity and composition of soil microbial community depend on nutrient and water availability;however,the combination of these factors on the response of microorganisms was seldom studied.This study investigated the responses of soil microbial community and enzyme activities to changes in moisture along a gradient of soil fertility formed within a long-term(24 years)field experiment.Soils(0–20 cm)were sampled from the plots under four fertilizer treatments:i)unfertilized control(CK),ii)organic manure(M),iii)nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK),and iv)NPK plus M(NPK+M).The soils were incubated at three moisture levels:constant submergence,five submerging-draining cycles(S-D cycles),and constant moisture content at 40%water-holding capacity(low moisture).Compared with CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon(SOC) by 30.1%–36.3%,total N by 27.3%–38.4%,available N by 35.9%–56.4%,available P by 61.4%–440.9%,and total P by 28.6%–102.9%.Soil fertility buffered the negative effects of moisture on enzyme activities and microbial community composition.Enzyme activities decreased in response to submergence and S-D cycles versus low moisture.Compared with low moisture,S-D cycles increased total phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)and actinomycete,fungal,and bacterial PLFAs.The increased level of PLFAs in the unfertilized soil after five S-D cycles was greater than that in the fertilized soil.Variations in soil microbial properties responding to moisture separated CK from the long-term fertilization treatments.The coefficients of variation of microbial properties were negatively correlated with SOC,total P,and available N.Soils with higher fertility maintained the original microbial properties more stable in response to changes in moisture compared to low-fertility soil.     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Clerodendrum trichotomum Thumb.Responses to Drought,Salt and Water-logging Stresses

In order to reveal the photosynthetic characteristics of C.trichotomum responses to drought,salt and water-logging stresses,one-year-old potted seedlings were taken as materials,and the several stresses including natural drought,submergence stress,water-logging and different salt treatments (0.2％,0.4％,0.6％ and 0.8％ NaCl) were carried out on August 15,2012.The morphological and photosynthetic characteristics were observed and determined.The results showed that adverse enviromental stress had a significant effect on the morphological changes and photosynthetic characteristics of C.trichotomum.On the 14th day after natural drought,the leaves wilted and could not recovery at night,and 60％ of the seedlings could recover after re-watering.From the 7th day to the 10th day after submergence stress treatment,the 2nd and the 3rd leaves at the base of 60％ seedling turned yellow and the lenticels were observed.At the early stage of water-logging stress,white lenticels appeared at the base of seedlings,and the leaves wilted,chlorina and fallen off on the 8th day.A large number of leaves fallen off under 0.6％ NaCl or more salt stress,and even the whole plant died.The chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) decreased gradually with the stress process,such as 8 days after natural drought,less than 0.4％ salt stress and water-logging stress,but the changes were not significant compared with those of the control.With the increase of the stress intensity and the prolonged time,the changes of photosynthetic index were significant.All the results indicated that C.trichotomum had a certain degree of tolerance to drought,water and salt,but it was not suitable for living in water-logging condition for a long time.     

Development of New Submergence Tolerant Rice Variety for Bangladesh Using Marker-Assisted Backcrossing

Submergence tolerant high yielding rice variety was developed using BR11 as a recipient parent applying foreground, phenotypic and background selection approaches. Recombinant selection was found essential to minimize linkage drag by BC2F2 generation. Without recombinant selection, the introgression size in the backcross recombinant lines(BRLs) was approximately 15 Mb on the carrier chromosome. The BRLs were found submergence tolerance compared to the check varieties under complete submergence for two weeks at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, and produced higher yield compared to the isogenic Sub1-line under control ed submerged condition. The BRL IR85260-66-654-Gaz2 was released as BRRI dhan52 in 2010, which was the first high yielding submergence tolerant variety in Bangladesh. BRRI dhan52 produced grain yield ranging from 4.2 to 5.2 t/hm2 under different flash flood prone areas of Bangladesh in three consecutive seasons. The study demonstrated the efficiency of recombinant selection and better adaptability of the newly released submergence tolerant high yielding variety in flash flood prone different areas of the country with respect to submergence tolerance and yield potential.     

不同生育时期淹水对水稻Sub1A耐淹基因导入系产量的影响

在苗期、分蘖期和抽穗期等3个生育时期对常规籼型水稻IR64和IR64 Sub1A耐淹基因导入系(IRRI149)进行淹水处理,测定各个生育时期淹水后的有效分蘖数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量,以确定不同生育时期淹水对Sub1A耐淹基因导入系产量的影响。结果表明,在苗期淹水,IRRI149和IR64的单株产量分别为39.11 g、24.92 g;分蘖期淹水,分别为10.31 g、0.48 g;抽穗期淹水,分别为24.35 g、23.36 g。IRRI149在苗期和分蘖期淹水条件下,有效分蘖数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、单株产量均显著高于IR64;3个处理时期中以分蘖期淹水对产量的影响最为明显。     

淹没出流条件下滴灌灌水器水力性能试验研究

在室内将3种类型的灌水器置于自制水槽中,进行了灌水器的淹没出流试验。试验结果表明:灌水器在淹没出流时的出流规律与自由出流相同,但淹没时的流量略小于对应压力下自由出流的流量,其流量变化率多在10%以内;相比之下,低压时流量变化率比高压时大,即在灌水器额定工作压力(10m)附近,淹没出流对其影响较小。统计特征表明,灌水器淹没后出流更加均匀。不同灌水器类型对淹没与否的敏感程度有所差异,微管灌水器最为明显,其次是内镶式,补偿式变化很小。升降压过程中,降压过程的淹没出流对灌水器的流量变化率均小于升压过程。     

湿地植物灰化苔草对淹水的生态响应

研究灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)对淹水水位及持续时间的生态响应,明确鄱阳湖湿地植物在洪水胁迫下的生存策略。2015年,模拟野外淹水状况,比较了不同水深(未淹水、部分淹水、完全淹水)、不同淹水持续时间(50 d、100 d)条件下灰化苔草的生长、分株及物质分配等的变化情况。总生物量随着水位上升及淹水持续时间延长而下降,水位、淹水时间及两者的交互作用对总生物量均产生极显著影响,淹水会显著降低灰化苔草总生物量,且这种影响随着水位上升及淹水持续时间延长更加明显。淹水显著降低了株高、减少了分株数,退水后分株数因为"秋草"现象有所上升。生物量分配方面,叶、根状茎分配比上升,不定根分配比下降。虽然淹水抑制了灰化苔草的生长,但整个试验期间无植株死亡。灰化苔草通过调整自身生长来适应淹水的胁迫环境。     

水生植被类型及淹没度 对河道垂线流速分布影响试验研究

采用钢筋刚性材料和弹簧柔性材料模拟了不同类型的水生植被,通过概化水槽物理试验研究了水生植被类型、水生植被淹没度对水生植被对于河流流速垂线分布的影响规律.试验结果表明:不同淹没度条件下刚性植被和柔性植被对河流流速垂线分布影响规律相似性较高,流速垂线分布均展现出分层现象;但不同水生植被材质条件流速垂线分布的分层节点不同,这...     

水力自控翻板闸门汇流水力关联理论

本文利用水力学三大基本原理建立了水力自控翻板闸门泄流关联方程及其淹没新标准，解决了水力自控翻板闸门水力计算的一大难题，其计算结果比传统的水力计算公式更精确、简单，为这类闸门的设计提供了泄流计算的新理论．