基于植物器官尺寸检测的新型智能节水灌溉系统

针对传统节水灌溉系统存在的弊端,提出一种新型智能节水灌溉系统。这种节水灌溉系统不再以土壤的温度、湿度以及空气的温度这些间接指标作为反馈控制变量,而是以植物器官的几何尺寸作为反馈控制参数。在这种新型智能节水灌溉系统中,被控对象是植物,反馈控制参数也是植物本身,所以可实现真正意义上的闭环控制,从而提高控制精度,实现精准灌溉。     

Introduction: That most remarkable of outside men – Harold Brookfield's intellectual legacy

Abstract: Harold Brookfield's academic career spans more than half a century, traversing small tropical and subtropical islands and mountainous uplands, focusing on people–environment relations and linking to a diversity of institutions and disciplines. His unwavering commitment to fieldwork at the local level and to comparative study is paralleled by a healthy scepticism with respect to academic trends and orthodoxy of any kind, whether intellectual or physical. It is the farmers of the developing world who are the source of much of his inspiration. His theoretical contributions are based essentially on his observations of their practices and his learning from their experiences. His academic insights into the processes of change in rural areas of Melanesia, East and South‐East Asia, Africa and South America, where small‐scale ecological studies are linked to global forces, are of lasting significance.     

基于Matlab/Simulink的伺服系统仿真

在Matlab/Simulink环境下,设计和组合了交流同步伺服电机、dq坐标系向abc坐标系转换、三相电源逆变器、位置调节器、速度调节器和电流调节器各模块,并在此基础上构建了交流同步伺服系统的位置、速度和电流3闭环仿真模型。仿真结果证明了该控制方法的有效性,为交流同步伺服系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

用交流调压调速法实现锅炉补水

采用单片机为核心的闭环控制系统和交流调压调速控制器 ,设计了全自动恒压变流锅炉补水系统。经投入运行证明 ,该系统不仅节能 ,而且控制可靠 ,使用方便 ,为北方地区集中供热提供了新的有效设备。节能效果达 30 %以上。     

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of spinosad on bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson)

Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. Larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in lethal or sub-lethal effects during the adult stage. We tested the effects of a naturally derived biopesticide, spinosad, on bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony health, including adult mortality, brood development, weights of emerging bees and foraging efficiency of adults that underwent larval development during exposure to spinosad. We monitored colonies from an early stage, over a 10-week period, and fed spinosad to colonies in pollen at four levels: control, 0.2, 0.8 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), during weeks 2 through 5 of the experiment. At concentrations that bees would likely encounter in pollen in the wild (0.2-0.8 mg kg(-1)) we detected minimal negative effects to bumble bee colonies. Brood and adult mortality was high at 8.0 mg kg(-1) spinosad, about twice the level that bees would be exposed to in a 'worst case' field scenario, resulting in colony death two to four weeks after initial pesticide exposure. At more realistic concentrations there were potentially important sub-lethal effects. Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development at 0.8 mg kg(-1) were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays than bees from low or no spinosad treated colonies. Inclusion of similar sub-lethal assays to detect effects of pesticides on pollinators would aid in development of environmentally responsible pest management strategies.     

Status,ecology and conservation of an endemic fish,Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis,in Lake Baringo,Kenya

• 1. The tilapia Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis is a genetically and morphologically distinct sub‐species of Oreochromis niloticus endemic to Lake Baringo, Kenya. In recent years, concern has been expressed as to its status. Recent declines in catch returns suggest the population may be threatened, with conservation action required to safeguard it.
• 2. Catch returns from the Baringo fishery since 1964 have shown considerable fluctuations for all species, but especially O. n. baringoensis. From a peak of 712 t in 1970, their total catch was only 5 t in 2005, despite a 2 year period of closure in 2002 and 2003. Changes in fishery catch and relative abundance were independent of exploitation in the fishery but were significantly correlated with lake level.
• 3. Few individuals were captured at lengths >250 mm, with no fish sampled >284 mm. During periods of high lake level, individuals matured at smaller sizes and were capable of growing to larger ultimate sizes. With maturity at lengths <130 mm and fishery regulations preventing removal of fish <180 mm, there was a relatively large proportion of mature fish that was below exploitation size each year (19 to 44%). In most years, the proportion of fish available for exploitation was <10%.
• 4. Stable isotope analyses revealed O. n. baringoensis was reliant upon planktonic basal resources and zooplankton carbon. There was only minimal trophic overlap with other fish species in the lake, indicating little potential for competition for food resources.
• 5. These data suggest that the population status of O. n. baringoensis is not threatened per se, but subject to an unpredictable and unstable environment that strongly influences their life‐history traits and, ultimately, their population abundance, and should be managed accordingly.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of long‐term fertilization and manuring on potassium release properties in a Typic Ustochrept

A long‐term fertilizer experiment, over 27 years, studied the effect of mineral fertilizers and organic manures on potassium (K) balances and K release properties in maize‐wheat‐cowpea (fodder) cropping system on a Typic Ustochrept. The treatments consisted of control, 100% nitrogen (100% N), 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (100% NP), 50% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (50% NPK), 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (100% NPK), 150% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (150% NPK), and 100% NPK+farmyard manure (100% NPK+FYM). Nutrients N, P, and K in 100% NPK treatment were applied at N: 120 kg ha^—1, P: 26 kg ha^—1, and K: 33 kg ha^—1 each to maize and wheat crops and N: 20 kg ha^—1, P: 17 kg ha^—1, and K: 17 kg ha^—1 to cowpea (fodder). In all the fertilizer and manure treatments removal of K in the crop exceeded K additions and the total soil K balance was negative. The neutral 1 N ammonium acetate‐extractable K in the surface soil (0—15 cm) ranged from 0.19 to 0.39 cmol kg^—1 in various treatments after 27 crop cycles. The highest and lowest values were obtained in 100% NPK+FYM and 100% NP treatments, respectively. Non‐exchangeable K was also depleted more in the treatments without K fertilization (control, 100% N, and 100% NP). Parabolic diffusion equation could describe the reaction rates in CaCl₂ solutions. Release rate constants (b) of non‐exchangeable K for different depth of soil profile showed the variations among the treatments indicating that long‐term cropping with different rates of fertilizers and manures influenced the rate of K release from non‐exchangeable fraction of soil. The b values were lowest in 100% NP and highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment in the surface soil. In the sub‐surface soil layers (15—30 and 30—45 cm) also the higher release rates were obtained in the treatments supplied with K than without K fertilization indicating that the sub‐soils were also stressed for K in these treatments.     

山毛豆对小白鼠的亚慢性毒性试验研究

为开发山毛豆(Tephrosia canadida DC.)作为蛋白质饲料资源,进行了山毛豆亚慢性毒性试验,即在饲粮中用山毛豆叶粉替代20%、40%和60%的基础日粮饲喂小白鼠,对各组小白鼠的采食、生长、脏器系数及组织切片等指标进行了测定和分析。结果表明:①试验期间,小白鼠活动正常,对照组和试验组小白鼠都没有死亡;②试验组小白鼠的各脏器无明显肉眼可见剖检病变;③试验组小白鼠的各脏器系数与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);④40%和60%试验组小白鼠肝脏、肾脏的组织形态发生轻微变化,其他脏器均正常。研究结果表明,山毛豆草粉可安全用于动物饲料中。     

超甜玉米新品种甘甜4号的选育

甘甜4号是以J甜26作母本,以J甜11作父本配制而成的超甜玉米一代杂种。株高177cm,穗位高65cm,抗倒伏,持绿性好,适应性广,品质优良,果穗柱形,苞叶包被完整,籽粒排列整齐,鲜出籽率69.9%,粒长1.1cm,适于加工削粒或鲜穗上市销售。一般每667m2产鲜果穗900kg左右,出苗到鲜穗采收85d(天)左右,适宜西北春玉米区种植。