Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants

The behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of rice straw, ladino clover, and fanen leaves of red oak under moist conditions, and also of rice straw under various conditions were compared in the laboratory. The amounts of phenolic substances, divided into either humic acid and fulvic acid fractions, or ether-extractable, butanol-extractable and organic solvent-unextractable fractions, and the amounts of individual phenolic acids were periodically determined during incubation for 150 days. The following results were obtained.

1) The amounts and behavior of phenolic substances in various fractions differed considerably among the plant materials. The total amount of phenolic substances was remarkably larger in red oak leaves than in the others during the whole period of incubation. The amounts of phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction changed to a larger extent than those in the humic acid fraction during the decaying process of plant materials. The changes in total amount of phenolics in decaying red oak leaves and ladino clover were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively hydrophilic phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction, but the changes in decaying rice straw were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively lipophilic phenolics.

2) Rice straw and ladino clover, especially the former, contained large amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, but these decreased rapidly in the early stage of the decaying process. The amounts in red oak leaves were small, but did not decrease markedly during incubation.

3) The changes in amounts of phenolics in both humic acid and fulvic acid fractions in the decaying process of rice straw were largely influenced by temperature, moisture, and pH, but not to a large extent by C/N ratio and the presence of soil. At higher temperatures under moist conditions, phenolic substances disappeared rapidly. Also, acidification of the system inhibited the degradation process.     

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

土壤中可溶性有机氮含量及其影响因素研究

研究了农田和日光温室2个生态系统土壤中可溶性有机氮(SON)的含量及施肥和栽培模式对其含量的影响。结果表明,农田和日光温室土壤中SON的含量平均分别为39.19 mg kg-1和320.16 mg kg-1,分别占可溶性总氮(TSN)的80%和73%,说明SON是土壤氮素中不可忽视的氮素组分。不同栽培模式对土壤中SON的含量及其占TSN的比例的影响因生育时期的不同而异。覆草显著增加了小麦拔节期0~5 cm土层土壤中SON的含量,覆膜各土层SON含量均较常规模式有所提高;开花期覆草和覆膜模式土壤中TSN和SON含量较拔节期的显著下降。施用无机氮肥对土壤中SON的含量无显著影响。     

麦草与地膜覆盖对玉米田间生态环境及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了麦草与地膜覆盖栽培措施对玉米田间生态环境及产量的影响。结果表明,麦草与地膜二元覆盖可降低作物冠层温度1～2℃,显著减少玉米田间土壤水分蒸发,对土壤具有一定的保温作用,并能明显提高玉米产量和水分利用效率。     

不同促腐条件下秸秆直接还田对土壤养分时空动态变化的影响

通过两年田间定位试验,研究了冀东地区玉米秸秆连续直接还田对土壤氮素和磷素养分时空动态变化的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆直接还田可明显提高土壤氮素和磷素供应水平。在调节秸秆C/N15∶1~35∶1范围内,调节秸秆不同C/N未改变秸秆还田后的转化进程,其转化对土壤氮素和磷素时空动态变化的影响亦无明显差异。在调节秸秆C/N的前提下配施促腐剂,使秸秆还田后的转化进程明显加快。     

Influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane emissions from a straw-amended paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane (CH₄) emissions from a paddy soil where rice straw was incorporated or was surface-applied. During the cultivation, half of the pots were covered with aluminum foil, except for the minimum space for rice plants, to prevent ambient light reaching the floodwater or the soil surface. Growth of oxygen-producing phototrophs was hardly observed in the unilluminated plots, whereas intensive growth of algae, duckweed and hydrophytes was found in the illuminated ones. Plant growth was not affected by the different treatments. Seasonal changes in CH₄ emission determined by a closed chamber method indicated that illumination had no or only minor effects on CH₄ emissions when rice straw was incorporated or was not applied, but significantly reduced CH₄ emissions when rice straw was surface-applied. Methanogenesis occurring in the soil-floodwater interface was further investigated in two lab-scale model experiments measuring methanogenic activity. As a result, more activated methanogenesis was found in the surface-applied rice straw and the soil around the straw compared with the soil incubated without rice straw. The magnitude of the methanogenic activity in the rice straw incubated under illuminated conditions was significantly lower than that incubated in the dark. Consequently, this study demonstrates that methanogenesis in paddy soil occurs even in the soil-floodwater interface if plant residues like rice straw exist, and such methanogenesis is likely to be suppressed by growth of indigenous phototrophs under illumination.     

稻草覆盖对坡地红壤培肥及作物增产的效果

研究了坡地红壤连续5年采用稻草覆盖措施对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。结果表明,“稻草+化肥氮磷”(“Straw+NP”)处理的土壤有机碳和全氮、磷分别比不施肥(CK)的提高42.9%和17.4%、44.2%,有机碳和全氮的增幅约是纯化肥(NPK)处理的2倍。与CK和NPK处理的相比,“Straw+NP”处理能明显提高微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和溶解性有机碳、氮以及Olsen-P含量,差异达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平。在等养分施用量的条件下,“Straw+NP”处理能显著提高油菜和甘薯的产量。因此,稻草易地覆盖是一种有效培肥坡地红壤和增加作物产量的途径。     

应用吸管法进行风沙土机械组成分析的实验研究

土壤机械组成分析就是指土壤粒径分析，即测定组成土壤的不同直径颗粒的含量。通过机械组成分析可以定量地了解土壤质地的粗细、理化性状、肥力状况及土壤的发育情况。经过从毛乌素沙地、腾格里沙漠和浑善达克沙地等几个区域采样实验，探讨了用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验控制。结果显示：在司托克斯原理指导下的吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验中，传统吸管法的10cm深抽样条件下粉粒与黏粒段不能正常测定。8cm深抽样条件下，振荡分散1h有20％的样在粉粒与黏粒段的测定结果有悖实际，煮沸分散1h与煮沸分散10min两种测定结果在砂、粉、黏三段内的变异系数较大。经对比分析，在用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成实验中，以煮沸分散1h，抽样深8cm的实验效果良好。     

井渠轮灌下秸秆还田对土壤含盐量与玉米产量的影响

为探究井渠轮灌下不同秸秆还田的耕作模式对土壤含盐量及玉米产量的影响,设置“渠井渠”灌溉模式下无秸秆还田的常规耕作（CK）、秸秆表覆旋耕（BF）、秸秆深埋深翻（SM）和秸秆混拌旋耕（HB）4种处理,于2018年和2019年在河套灌区开展了井水与渠水轮灌下不同秸秆还田方式的田间试验。结果表明,井渠轮灌下各处理收获后1m土体均积盐,秸秆还田处理均显著降低土壤积盐率（P<0.05）,BF、SM和HB处理积盐率较CK处理分别下降8.7、12.4、6.9个百分点,SM处理积盐率最小,仅为3.2%,且在20~40cm土层形成脱盐区;收获后CK处理不同土层饱和浸提液的钠吸附比（SAR）较初始值提高10.2%~53.3%,土壤钠质化风险很大;秸秆还田处理有效降低了SAR,SM处理收获后不同土层的SAR最小,较初始值下降了0.4%~73.0%,可有效缓解土壤钠质化。通径分析表明,玉米产量主要决策因子是穗长,限制因子是秃尖长。BF、SM和HB处理分别较CK增产11.2%、19.8%、11.6%,水分利用效率提高18.4%、36.1%、21.2%,SM处理综合效果较好。该研究可为河套灌区地下微咸水安全利用和秸秆资源化利用提供理论依据。     

小麦秸秆压缩弯曲特性试验研究

为给秸秆圆捆打捆装置和其它打捆机构提供相应的力学参数和理论基础,根据麦茎秆的几何尺寸,并利用万能试验机控制夹具加载速度对不同含水率的麦秸秆进行弯曲、轴向压缩和径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。利用Origin将数据直观地反映出来,再用MatLab对试验数据进行拟合,得出拟合方程。试验结果表明:麦秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;含水率和夹具加载速度在一定范围内时,无论是在麦秸秆的弯曲试验还是压缩试验中,载荷峰值的大小与加载速度和含水率都有关,因此在设计打捆压缩成型机构时需考虑含水率与其关键机构工作转速对打捆装置的影响。