黄渤海区拖网渔具综合定性调查及特点分析

2010年6～7月,对黄渤海区沿海一线的32个主要渔港渔村和5家网具生产厂的拖网渔具渔法情况进行了综合定性调查(访问)和定量(测量)研究,调查分析了拖网渔具的作业原理、渔期、渔场、渔具配比、渔船功率等及网口周长、网衣总长、网口网目尺寸、囊网最小网目尺寸等现状。结果表明,环黄渤海区共有各种类型的拖网船25000余艘;小型拖网渔船比例高达80%,主要分布在渤海海域和黄海的部分近岸海域。共调查到34种拖网网型,分别为:有翼单囊单船小型底拖网7种,有翼单囊单船小型浮拖网1种,有翼单囊双船小型底拖网1种,有翼单囊双船小型浮拖网两种,单船桁杆多囊拖网1种,单船桁杆、框架单囊拖网5种,有翼单囊单船中型底拖网5种,有翼单囊单船大型底拖网两种,有翼单囊单船大、中型浮拖网两种,有翼单囊双船中型底拖网3种和有翼单囊双船大、中型浮拖网5种。拖网捕捞强度大大超出渔业资源承受能力,渔获物品种低值、幼小;生计渔业与商业捕捞矛盾突出。翼网和网口网目尺寸大型化、囊网网目尺寸小型化,整个网具大型化;最大网型翼网网目尺寸16000mm,网口网目尺寸15000mm,网口周长840m,网衣总长长度170m,囊网最小网目尺寸40～45mm或18～20m...     

Dispersion and migration of fine particles in two palygorskite‐containing soils of the Jordan Valley

Migration of different mineral particles within columns of soil‐sand mixtures containing 10 or 20 mass % of soil was investigated by establishing differences in the mineral suite between the ”︁bulk clay” and the ”︁mobile fine material” fractions. The ”︁bulk clay” fractions of all soils contained smectite, palygorskite, kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. The soils were saturated with sodium by leaching with NaCl solution, and then leached with distilled water. Clay dispersion and particle migration occurred in the columns. Values of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) of the effluent decreased with time due to carbonate dissolution. At a certain SAR value, the clays apparently formed aggregates, and as a consequence particle migration stopped in the column. In addition to clay‐sized particles (< 2 μm), very‐fine‐silt‐sized particles (2— 5 μm) were able to migrate in the soil‐sand mixtures, too, and to some extent fine‐silt‐sized particles (5—10 μm) as well. Average size of mobile particles decreases with increase of soil content in the soil‐sand mixtures. The mineralogical composition of the ”︁mobile fine material” changed during the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, the ”︁mobile fine material” was enriched in the non‐phyllosilicates (especially in calcite, and in some cases in quartz, feldspar and dolomite) and contained low concentrations of phyllosilicates (smectite, palygorskite and kaolinite). At the end of the experiment, the proportion of non‐phyllosilicates decreased, and as a consequence, the proportion of phyllosilicates increased. Among the non‐phyllosilicates, calcite was the most mobile mineral. Among the phyllosilicates, palygorskite was preferentially mobilized in topsoil horizons. In subsoil horizons, on the other hand, kaolinite was preferentially mobilized. This difference was explained by the different nature of carbonates in the topsoil and subsoil horizons. Palygorskite is preferentially occluded within the soil carbonates of lacustrine origin over smectite and kaolinite. These carbonates are present mainly in the subsoil horizons. As a consequence, the presence of these carbonates in the subsoil horizons decreases the migration of mainly palygorskite.     

腐殖酸强化脱硫石膏改良油污盐碱土壤的研究

以腐殖酸为表面活性剂进行了脱硫石膏改良油污盐碱土壤的土柱实验,研究了不同洗盐条件下土壤渗透性能、电导率和pH值的变化规律。研究结果表明,油污显著影响脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤的效果,淋洗前后油污土壤的碱化度仅从42.78%下降到37.72%;而加入腐殖酸表面活性剂后,油污盐碱土壤碱化度由42.78%下降到23.20%,淋出液电导率值显著增高,且pH值有所变化,证明加入腐殖酸表面活性剂可显著强化脱硫石膏改良油污盐碱土壤。     

A socio-economic perspective on gear-based management in an artisanal fishery in south-west Madagascar

Abstract  Artisanal fisheries are important socially, nutritionally and economically. Poverty is common in communities dependent on such fisheries, making sustainable management difficult. Poverty based on material style of life (MSL) was assessed, livelihoods surveyed and the relationship between these factors and fishery data collected using a fish landing study were examined. Species richness, diversity, size and mean trophic level of catches were determined for six fishing gears in an artisanal fishery in south-west Madagascar. There was little livelihood diversification and respondents were highly dependent on the fishery. No relationship was found between poverty and gear use. This suggests that poverty does not have a major impact on the nature of the fishery; however, this study was dominated by poor households, so it remains possible that communities with more variation in wealth might show differences in fishing methods according to this parameter. The fishery was heavily exploited with a predominance of small fish in the catches. Beach seines caught some of the smallest fish, overlapped in selectivity with gill nets and also had the highest catch per fishers. Thus, a reduction in the number of beach seines could help reduce the catch of small fish and the overlap in selectivity among gears.     

再生稻空间直取大偏移轮系宽窄行分插机构设计与试验

为了解决再生稻生产过程中,收获机履带碾压头季稻稻桩的问题,本文从机械栽植角度入手,在单位种植面积有效株数一定的条件下,通过合理增大栽植行距以增大履带行走行距。提出一种可实现大偏移、直取秧和小侧向穴口移栽轨迹的空间行星轮系分插机构。首先,结合栽植农艺规划宽窄行移栽轨迹并确定其上若干关键位置与姿态,建立了空间2R开链机构3精确位姿空间几何约束设计方程,采用同伦算法进行求解;然后,基于求解参数拟合、优化得到开链机构输入轴与输出轴相对角位移曲线,确定机构传动比与非圆齿轮节曲线,复演得到满足移栽要求的空间轨迹;最后,通过依附非圆齿轮副将开链机构两转轴运动耦合,设计得到一种由平面非圆齿轮与斜齿轮组合传动的轮系式再生稻宽窄行分插机构,并进行虚拟仿真与样机试验,结果表明样机实际运动轨迹姿态与理论设计基本一致;取苗至推苗横向偏移量ΔS1为65.59mm、侧向推苗角γ1为16.13°、侧向穴口宽度ΔS3为23.69mm,满足再生稻宽窄行移栽要求,验证了轮系式宽窄行分插机构设计的可行性。     

取秧侧向零偏移的空间轨迹再生稻分插机构设计与试验

为了解决现有空间行星轮系式分插机构在再生稻宽窄行机械化种植取秧过程中出现侧向偏移量和侧向偏转角的技术难题,本文提出一种具有局部平面轨迹特性的空间轨迹不等速行星轮系机构,并开展基于取秧口和机构回转中心位置约束下的宽窄行分插机构综合研究。构建了基于关键位姿点(取秧起始点、取秧结束点、推秧点)的空间轮系机构运动综合模型,利用关键位姿点求解机构杆长参数与空间交错轴信息,并通过优选二杆相对角位移参数实现机构传动比分配。将不完全非圆齿轮副引入空间行星轮系机构,利用间歇机构锁止弧约束行星轴,实现机构取秧过程侧向零偏移量、侧向零偏转角的平面轨迹段。通过仿真分析与机构样机试验验证了机构实际作业性能与理论设计相一致,结果表明：分插机构取秧侧向零偏移量,取秧侧向零偏转角,推秧侧向总偏移量为50.24 mm、取秧角为5.18°、推秧角为71.56°、推秧侧向角为16.26°、插秧穴口宽度为22.43 mm、轨迹高度为289.76 mm,满足预期设计要求。最后通过田间试验验证,分插机构可实现等行距取秧口和既定机构回转中心下宽行(40 cm)与窄行(20 cm)间隔机插,满足再生稻宽窄行种植要求。     

小叶女贞果实花青素组分鉴定及色谱纯化技术

为提高小叶女贞果实的食用、药用价值,该文系统研究了果实中花青素种类构成及提取物的制备技术。试验采用紫外可见光谱法、高效液相色谱-质谱串联法、酸水解制备苷元等技术对小叶女贞果实花青素含量、单体种类进行了测定,并借助提取、萃取、柱层析等技术研究了花青素提取物的分离纯化过程。研究结果如下:测得每100 g小叶女贞果实中含花青素总量为(499±18.42)mg,从中鉴定出2种花青素单体,分别为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和牵牛花色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷,并以后者为主要存在形式;获得了纯天然、简单易行的花青素提取物制备技术,主要包括酸化乙醇提取、乙酸乙脂萃取、Amberlite XAD-7HP大孔树脂层析分离步骤,最终制得的花青素提取物纯度为35%、得率为0.6%。该研究为后期制备高纯度牵牛花素-3-O-葡萄糖苷单体提供了良好原料基础,为深入研究小叶女贞果实花青素功能活性及其在食品、药品领域潜在应用提供了参考。     

带约束拉杆钢管/竹胶板组合空芯短柱的偏心抗压性能

采用冷弯薄壁方型钢管和胶合竹板通过横向约束拉杆和结构胶黏剂复合成顺纹抗压的组合空芯短柱(thin-walled steel tube/bamboo-plywood composite hollow short column with binding bars,SBCCB),采用9个试件研究SBCCB试件的偏心抗压破坏模式、抗压承载力和影响规律。结果表明,SBCCB试件受压破坏形态主要为柱端开胶破坏、横向约束拉杆之间基体胶合界面开胶剥离破坏和胶合竹板局部压屈破坏;SBCCB抗压极限荷载随胶合竹净横截面积增大而提高,随着长细比和荷载偏心率的增大而降低,随空心率增大而增大;约束拉杆可有效延迟SBCCB的开胶剥离破坏,改变屈曲破坏模式,有助于试件抗压承载力的提高;相对于不带约束拉杆试件,SBCCB抗压极限应力提高约17.64%;局部翘曲随约束拉杆间距减小而减小,相对拉杆间距比3.0以下能确保较小的局部翘曲变形。薄壁钢管和胶合竹板能形成较好的复合抗压结构单元,该批试件平均值抗压强度达到18.54 MPa,展现了优异的抗压性能。SBCCB可作为绿色建筑材料广泛应用于现代装配式工程结构,同时拓展竹材的应用途径,实现"以竹代木,以竹代钢",具有很好的工程价值和应用前景。     

整体柱承载形态对柯衣定SERS检测效果的影响

[目的]针对食品中屡禁不止的违禁添加色素柯衣定,拟建立一种以整体柱为活性增强基底、适合大批量样品快速筛查的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术。[方法]在确定整体柱的合成后,以整体柱的柱状及其粉碎后的粉末为基底,优化金溶胶与样品的混合比例、体系p H、取样量和检测时间,分别建立柯衣定SERS检测方法。[结果]以整体柱的柱状及其粉碎后的粉末为基底分别建立柯衣定的SERS检测方法,其检测限分别为0.10和0.25μg/m L;在10.0μg/m L浓度下,柯衣定在整体柱柱状和粉状承载形态下获得的整体增强效果相近,1 138和1 171 cm~(-1)处峰位移在柱状SERS检测中的信号强度明显优于粉状SERS检测结果,且柱状的SERS信号更稳定。[结论]建议采用整体柱的柱状形态进行SERS检测,更具实用价值,有望应用于大批量样品进行快速筛查。     

双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵运动特性分析与实验

为解决斜盘式柱塞泵摩擦副的磨损问题,提出了一种新型轴向柱塞泵,用双端曲面齿轮代替了斜盘,用齿轮副代替了摩擦副。利用端曲面齿轮副传动原理建立了单柱塞、六柱塞双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵的运动特性数学模型,得出了柱塞运动规律。通过ADAMS虚拟样机建立了柱塞泵运动特性仿真模型,验证了新型柱塞泵柱塞运动的可行性。利用LH-050型激光位移传感器对柱塞泵运动特性测试实验台进行了相关测试,通过实验测试结果和理论值对比发现:实验数据与理论计算值吻合较好,误差控制在5%以内,证明了柱塞泵运动特性理论模型的正确性。