Audiograms estimated from brainstem tone-evoked potentials in dogs from 10 days to 1.5 months of age

The objective of this study was to build audiograms from thresholds of brainstem tone-evoked potentials in dogs and to evaluate age-related change of the audiogram in puppies. Results were obtained from 9 Beagle puppies 10-47 days of age. Vertex to mastoid brainstem auditory-evoked potentials in response to 5.1-millisecond Hanning-gated sine waves with frequencies octave-spaced from 0.5 to 32 kHz were recorded. Three dogs were examined at 10, 13, 19, 25, and 45 days. Four other dogs were examined at 16 days. Data from 7 dogs between 42 and 47 days of age were pooled to obtain audiogram reference values in 1.5-month-old puppies. The best auditory threshold lowered from above 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL) to values close to 0 dB SPL between 13 and 25 days of age and then stabilized. The audible frequency range widened, including 32 kHz in all tested dogs from the 19th day. In the 7 1.5-month-old puppies, the mean auditory threshold decreased by 11 dB per octave from 0.5 to 2 kHz. The auditory threshold was lowest and held the same value from 2 to 8 kHz. The mean auditory threshold increased by 20 dB per octave from 8 to 32 kHz. Near threshold, click-evoked potentials test only a small part of the audible frequency range in dogs. Use of tone-evoked potentials may become a powerful tool in investigating dogs with possible partial hearing loss, including during the auditory system maturation period.     

Defining the immune response to Ehrlichia species using murine models

Pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae include species of the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, first known as the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, also infects several vertebrate hosts including white-tailed deer, dogs, coyotes and goats. E. chaffeensis is transmitted from the bite of an infected hard tick, such as Amblyomma americanum. E. chaffeensis and other tick-transmitted pathogens have adapted to both the tick and vertebrate host cell environments. Although E. chaffeensis persists in both vertebrate and tick hosts for long periods of time, little is known about that process. Immunological studies will be valuable in assessing how the pathogen persists in nature in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Understanding the host immune response to the pathogen originating from dual host backgrounds is also important to develop effective methods of diagnosis, control and treatment. In this paper, we provide our perspective of the current understanding of the immune response against E. chaffeensis in relation to other related Anaplasmataceae pathogens.     

超高压提取黄精多糖及提高运动耐力机制

为确定炮制黄精多糖(PPP)的最佳提取工艺,本试验以黄精为原料,进行炮制,利用超高压技术提取PPP,分析了压力强度、保压时间、料液比对PPP提取率的影响,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法(RSM)优化PPP提取条件,并对所得多糖进行动物体内试验,分析小鼠血清、肝脏和左腿腓肠肌中相关酶的活性变化,探究其提高机体运动耐力机制。结果表明,PPP最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比23 mL·g^-1、保压时间6.73 min,压力强度293 MPa,在此条件下PPP得率为13.46%;能显著提高小鼠力竭游泳时间(P<0.05),相比于游泳对照组,小鼠血清中尿素氮(SUN)、乳酸(Lac)和肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降(P<0.05),同时乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性下降、Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATP酶及肌酸激酶(CK)活性上升,对提高小鼠运动耐力具有较好的效果。本研究结果为超高压提取PPP奠定了基础,并为PPP提高运动耐力的机制研究提供了数据支持。     

血浆极低密度脂蛋白浓度的双向选择对肉鸡腹脂、肝脂和产肉性能的影响

对零世代８周龄血浆极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）浓度进行降低腹脂的间接选择，一世代取得了明显效果：腹脂和肝脂向两极分化，其中肌胃脂和肝脂选择反应较大。低血浆ＶＬＤＬ的选择使腹脂降低，肝脂增加，对产肉性状未产生不利影响。９周龄腹脂率、板油率和肌胃脂率在高ＶＬＤＬ系分别高于低ＶＬＤＬ系２１％，１６％和５１％；肌胃脂率品系间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。品系与性别互作对肌胃脂率有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）。腹脂、肌胃脂存在性别差异，腹脂率雌性略高于雄性，而肌胃脂率雄性高于雌性。９周龄肝脂率，高ＶＬＤＬ系显著低于低ＶＬＤＬ系（Ｐ＜０．０１），雌性高于雄性。一世代８周龄血浆ＶＬＤＬ产生了直接选择反应，血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度，高ＶＬＤＬ系高于低ＶＬＤＬ系。血浆ＶＬＤＬ存在性别差异，雄性高于雌性。一世代高、低ＶＬＤＬ系血浆ＶＬＤＬ和腹脂的变异系数仍然很大，继续对其选择仍然有效。由于血浆ＶＬＤＬ属中等遗传力，并且家系间差异显著，因此，在世代选育中应采取家系结合个体选择法     

啤酒糟制备低聚木糖功能饲料添加剂酶解条件优化

为提高啤酒糟的饲用价值,开发啤酒糟功能性饲料添加剂,对啤酒糟采用碳酸钠和双氧水进行预处理,采用单因素试验和响应面分析法,对啤酒糟制备低聚木糖饲料添加剂的酶解条件进行了研究。结果表明:当初始pH5.5,木聚糖酶201 U/g,纤维素酶248 U/g,酶解温度48℃,酶解时间3 h时,啤酒糟中低聚木糖含量为23.8673 mg/g。     

Response to lipopolysaccharide in Octodon degus pups produces age‐related sickness behavior but does not have effects in juveniles

During vertebrate development, the immune function is inefficient and is mainly controlled by innate defense. While there have been detailed studies of various aspects of innate immune function, the effects of this function in the growth of vertebrates is still not well known. Similarly, there is little information regarding how early endotoxin exposure would affect juvenile phenotypes, specifically in a non‐model mammal like a precocial rodent. We evaluated the response to an antigen and its cost in offspring of the rodent Octodon degus. We inoculated pups at 4 different ages (8, 15, 22 and 30 days after birth) with an antigen to determine the ontogeny and costs of the response to an endotoxin. We assessed changes in body mass, body temperature, sickness behavior and the levels of a key mediator of the inflammatory response, the cytokine interleukin‐1β. We also determined the effects of early endotoxin exposure on the resting metabolic rate of juvenile animals (i.e. 90 days after birth). The cytokine levels, body mass and body temperature were unaffected by time of inoculation and treatment. However, pups subjected to inoculation at 22 days after birth with the antigen showed reduced locomotion. Juvenile resting metabolic rate was not affected by early endotoxin exposure. These results suggest that the magnitude of O. degus responses would not change with age. We discuss whether the lack of effect of the response on body mass or body condition is caused by environmental variables or by the precocial characteristics of O. degus.     

树莓叶黄酮提取的正交试验和响应曲面法工艺优化对比

旨在为树莓叶黄酮的开发应用提供数据参考,通过正交试验与响应曲面法设计改良乙醇提取工艺,并通过HPLC建立树莓叶黄酮的色谱分离条件为:Agilent ZorBax SB色谱柱,流动相为1mg/mL乙酸-乙腈=72.5∶27.5,等度分离,柱温30℃,检测波长:257nm,完成树莓叶黄酮的初步分离,以及黄酮中芦丁含量的准确测定和验证。最佳提取工艺为:646mL/mL乙醇,料液比1∶12.5,41.9℃加热回流173.3min,最佳工艺所得提取率1.127%,响应曲面法最佳工艺提取率略高于正交试验法,且其工艺条件均较优于正交试验所得工艺,可为后期研发树莓叶芦丁兽用中药制剂提供理论参考。     

双酶分步水解制备棉籽多肽工艺条件优化

为高效制备棉籽多肽,采用Alcalase酶和Flavourzyme酶对棉籽蛋白进行双酶分步水解.在前期单因素试验的基础上,通过Plackett-Burrman设计对影响其多肽得率的相关因素进行评估并筛选出具有显著效应的3个因素,然后通过三因素三水平的 Box-Behnken 响应面分析法确定双酶分步水解棉籽蛋白的最优操作条件为:底物浓度(w/v)8.36%,先用Alcalase 酶在温度59.9℃、pH值8.0、酶用量25000 U/g的条件下水解150 min,再用Flavourzyme酶在温度50℃、pH值6.0、酶用量27430 U/g的条件下水解120 min,多肽得率可达到65.07%.     

Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines—III. Kinetics for neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin class responses in donors and adoptively-immunized recipients

C57B16 mice were immunized with either live, attenuated TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine or formalin-inactivated VEE vaccine combined with Bordetella pertussis. The kinetics of specific donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE neutralizing antibody responses were studied. Donor mice immunized with either live or inactivated VEE virus vaccine combined with potent adjuvants develop specific anti-VEE IgM and IgG responses as early as 7 days post-immunization. Anti-VEE IgM antibody responses comprise the majority of anti-VEE neutralizing antibody at this early time period. By 14 to 21 days post-immunization, anti-VEE IgG responses predominated. When adoptively-immunized recipients were studied, the anti-VEE IgM to IgG predominance seen in donors early after administration was reversed, and for each time-period studied, recipients' serum anti-VEE antibody class responses consisted principally of IgG rather than IgM antibody. Since T-cells cooperation with B-cells is critical in the IgM-IgG antibody shift, these studies support the critical role T-cells exert in adoptive transfer in a murine model of experimental VEE infection. Furthermore, immunization with either live or inactivated VEE vaccine coupled to a potent adjuvant induce comparable donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE antibody class responses.