Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus):a new bird record in Xinjiang,China

XIA Yong and WANG Yaotian saw a first-year glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) at Beihu Lake,Shihezi (a city of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region;44°22′N,86°07′E;416 m asl) on 2 January 2016.The gull was also seen and photographed by other observers in the period of 19 December 2015 to 10 January,2016.     

梭梭林“肥岛”效应的初步研究

梭梭由树冠截留的降雨形成的树干径流将营养物质运送至根颈周围的土壤中,在根颈周围形成“肥岛”,增加该区域土壤的养分含量和水分含量,对自身生存环境产生正向反馈效应,增强了适应干旱环境的能力     

Effects of the growing-maize canopy and irrigation characteristics on the ability to funnel sprinkler water

Stemflow is vital for supplying water, fertilizer, and other crop essentials during sprinkler irrigation. Exploring the spatial and temporal variations of crop stemflow and its influencing factors will be essential to preventing soil water and nutrient ion's migration to deeper layers, developing, and optimizing effective sprinkler irrigation schedules. Based on the two-year experimental data, we analyzed the variation patterns (stemflow amount, depth, rate, and funneling ratio) of maize stemflow during the growing season, and clarified its vertical distribution pattern. Meanwhile, effects of sprinkler irrigation and maize morphological parameters on stemflow were investigated. The results showed that stemflow increased gradually as maize plant grew. Specifically, stemflow was small at the pre-jointing stage and reached the maximum at the late filling stage. The upper canopy generated more stemflow than the lower canopy until the flare opening stage. After the tasseling stage, the middle canopy generated more stemflow than the other positions. Variation in canopy closure at different positions was the main factor contributing to the above difference. As sprinkler intensity increased, stemflow also increased. However, the effect of droplet size on stemflow was inconsistent. Specifically, when sprinkler intensity was less than or equal to 10 mm/h, stemflow was generated with increasing droplet size. In contrast, if sprinkler intensity was greater than or equal to 20 mm/h, stemflow tended to decreased with increasing droplet size. Compared with other morphological parameters, canopy closure significantly affected the generation of stemflow. Funneling ratio was not significantly affected by plant morphology. Based on the results of different sprinkler intensities, we developed stemflow depth versus canopy closure and stemflow rate versus canopy closure power function regression models with a high predictive accuracy. The research findings will contribute to the understanding of the processes of stemflow involving the hydro-geochemical cycle of agro-ecosystems and the implementation of cropland management practices.     

Characteristics of Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides stemflow and their significance in soil moisture enhancement in Loess Plateau, China

Stemflow of xerophytic shrubs represents a significant component of water replenishment to the soil-root system and influences water utilization of plant roots at the stand scale,especially in water-scarce semi-arid ecosystems.The stemflow of two semi-arid shrubs(Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides)and its effect on soil moisture enhancement were evaluated during the growing season of 2011 in the semi-arid loess region of China.The results indicated that stemflow averaged 12.3%and 8.4%of the bulk precipitation for C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides,respectively.Individual stemflow increased in a linear function with increasing rainfall depth.The relationship between funneling ratios and rainfall suggested that there existed a rainfall depth threshold of 11 mm for both C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides.Averaged funneling ratios were 156.6±57.1 and49.5±30.8 for C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides,respectively,indicating that the canopy architecture of the two shrubs was an effective funnel to channel stemflow to the root area,and C.korshinskii showed a greater potential to use stemflow water in the semi-arid conditions.For individual rainfall events,the wetting front depths were approximately 2 times deeper in the rooting zone around the stems than in the bare area outside canopy for both C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides.Correspondingly,soil water content was also significantly higher in the root area around the shrub stem than in the area outside the shrub canopy.This confirms that shrub stemflow conserved in the deep soil layers may be an available moisture source for plant growth under semi-arid conditions.     

自然降雨条件下夏玉米冠层截留特征及影响因素

【目的】冠层截留特征和机理研究一直是生态水文的前沿和热点,针对作物冠层截留这一不可忽视的水分通量,以夏玉米为研究对象,研究在自然降雨条件下玉米冠层降雨截留特征和分布规律,分析作物冠层截留量的影响因素,以期更加合理的评价夏玉米对自然降水的水分利用效率,为科学密植、提高旱作农业区作物产量以及防止农耕地土壤侵蚀提供理论依据。【方法】运用水量平衡原理对夏玉米冠层截留量、穿透雨量、茎秆流量及降雨量的田间观测结果进行分析。其中采用玉米行间随机放置承雨槽收集穿透雨,以测量穿透雨量;采用在茎秆基部包裹喇叭口状聚乙烯集水装置收集茎秆流,并在装置底部引出一导管,将收集到的茎秆流转移到另外塑料桶中,以测量茎秆流量;降雨量采用自动气象站实时观测,并采用人工观测进行校正。【结果】夏玉米在不同降雨量级（0.1-4.9,5.0-14.9和15.0-29.9 mm）下,冠层截留量分别为1.1、2.6和13.0 mm,平均值为1.7 mm;冠层截留率分别为12.3%、12.1%、15.3%,平均值为13.3%。通过监测数据,建立了夏玉米冠层截留率与玉米叶面积指数和植株株高的回归方程,相关性显著;分别建立了各气象因子与夏玉米冠层截留量的回归方程,其中降雨历时和水汽压差分别与冠层截留量呈极显著幂函数相关关系;降雨量与冠层截留量呈极显著指数函数相关关系。同时,考虑所有影响因素的综合效应,建立了冠层截留量与影响因素的复合关系模型,相关系数R2=0.946。【结论】本研究中,自然降雨条件下,夏玉米的冠层截留量不可忽略,并且受到多种因素的交互影响,单一因素不能完全解释。夏玉米种植密度、形态指标（株高、叶面积）和气象因子（降雨量、风速、水汽压差、降雨历时）均对夏玉米冠层截留量有影响。建立冠层截留量与多种影响因素的复合关系模型,可为作物的科学密植、提高旱作农业区作物水分利用效率提供更充分理论基础。     

官司河流域防护林区大气降雨和树干茎流特征研究

本文通过统计分析法对官司河流域2003年度的大气降雨与3种不同类型森林(马尾松林、桤柏混交林和麻栎林)的树干茎流特征进行了研究。结果表明:该年降雨总量为683.2 mm,主要集中在4月~9月,6个月的总雨量为646.6 mm,占全年降雨总量的94.6%。3种类型森林树干茎流量都和降雨量密切相关,树干茎流量只有在降雨量达到一定临界值时才会出现,此临界雨量阔叶林针叶林;而在相同降雨量情况下,树干茎流量和干流率则表现为阔叶林针叶林;树干茎流量会随着降雨量的增加而增加,建立两者的相关方程,可知其相关性皆以2次多项式为最佳。     

福建南平杉木人工林截留降水化学性质的变化

在福建南平对降水酸度及化学成份进行了为期一年的定位监测．结果表明，降水通过杉木人工林截留后，其ｐＨ值降低，伴随离子浓度的增加，电导率也明显上升，尤以树干茎流为显著．降水的ｐＨ值、电导率和主要离子浓度也表现出一定的季节变化．     

日本北海道东部高位泥沼远东红皮云杉、库页冷杉和日本桤木树干茎流化学及其对沼泽孔隙水化学的影响(英文)

在日本北海道高位泥沼池,调查了远东红皮云杉(Piceaglehnii)、库页冷杉(Abies sachalinensis)和日本桤木(Alnusjaponica)树干茎流液的化学性质和泥炭孔隙水的化学性质,包括了横切和纵切面孔隙水化学性质。沼泽森林树干基部茎流对泥炭孔隙水化学性质有明显的作用,而且树基部的泥炭孔隙水化学性质具有物种特异性。远东红皮云杉茎流液和泥炭孔隙水中盐分含量最高,日本桤木则最低;盐分从茎基部向树冠形成浓度梯度。树冠下泥炭孔隙水化学受化学过程控制,孔隙水充沛条件下,控制作用减弱,因地势平缓(1°)茎流移动缓慢。事实上,泥炭孔隙水充足会使茎流化学物质浓度降低。微生物活动、优势树冠的营养再生介导的表面水和茎流对森林沼泽地微生境化学环境的空间异质性有贡献。图2表2参44。     

Effects of soil pH gradient caused by stemflow acidification on soil microarthropod community structure in a Japanese red cedar plantation: An evaluation of ecological risk on decomposition

Effect of acidic stemflow input on soil biological properties around cedar tree trunk were examined in a 34 year old Japanese red cedar plantation forest. Average soil pH of soil around cedar trunk (stemflow soil) was 3.88 and that of soil between trees (throughfall soil) was 4.97, and this suggested soil acidification due to proton load via stemflow. Soil microarthropod density in soil was higher as close to tree trunk, whereas microbial biomass of surface soil was reduced ca. 30 % around trunk. Abundance of Collembola and Gamasid mites showed positive correlation to amount of soil organic matter, while Oribatida had strong negative correlation to soil pH.Tectocepheus velatus (Oribatida) was dominant in soils pH under 4.0. Annual decomposition rate of cedar foliage was reduced ca. 16% in stemflow soil compared to throughfall soil. More litter accumulation was observed in stemflow soil, but it was not significant, though low microbial activity and retarded litter decomposition may be responsible to the accumulation of organic matter in stemflow soil. Soil biological community and soil process have been changed due to stemflow, the affected area corresponded to ca. 9.4 % of the forest. Thus, ecological risk of acidification in the sense of decrease in decomposition rate is 1.4%. This study was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)(1), No.08506001 by The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan, and by the research project “Establishment of a scientific framework for the management of toxicity of chemicals based on environmental risk-benefit analysis” supported by Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST).     

湖南省张家界马尾松林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素分析

对马尾松林的穿透雨、林冠截留和树干流的水文效应进行监测,并对其影响因素进行初步分析.结果表明:降雨主要集中在5-8月,期间穿透雨量、林冠截留量和树干流量分别占全年分配量的一半以上.穿透雨量、树干流量和林冠截留量与降雨量显著正相关,而穿透雨率和树干流率随着降雨强度的增加而升高,但截留率逐渐降低.马尾松林穿透雨量最大值出现在最大雨量级(≥90.0 mm)和3.0～4.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内; 但是截留率最大值出现在最小的雨量级(＜10.0 mm)和＜1.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内; 树干流率最大值出现在中等雨量(60.0～70.0 mm)和2.0～3.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内,显然降雨特征是影响马尾松林内雨的关键因子.林下穿透雨率存在明显的空间异质性,靠近树干的林冠内部穿透雨率高于林冠外部,而且空间异质性随着降雨量的增加而降低.马尾松树干流与胸径及冠层面积呈极显著正相关.