Applicability of stand structural characteristics to stemflow modeling

A stemflow (SF) estimation model, based on the correlation between coefficients (a andb) of the regression equation (SF=aP _g −b, whereP _g is gross rainfall) obtained from sample tree and their diameter at breast height (DBH), is presented. Estimation by the model forSF from two deciduous broad-leaved forests shows favorable agreement with the measurement. Once the equations for regression coefficients are determined, the model has the potential to easily estimateSF from an entire stand through sampling of some representative trees. However, the model is site-specific. In order to mitigate the weakness of this model, the combination of previous results provided generalized equations for the coefficients. The generalized equation adequately estimatedSF of some forests while its estimation was biased for other forests, which indicates thatSF variation between forests is closely related to structural differences. Actually, theSF frequency distribution of two forest stands was significantly different. So, influence of structural factors onSF was also studied using funneling ratio (FR) that integrates the efficiency of trunk and canopy characteristics toSF. Comparison ofFR showed thatSF was significantly correlated to crown-projection area (CPA) and basal area at breast height (BA). Parameters (β ₁ andβ ₂) within the model were significantly correlated to respective stand density and leaf area index (LAI). Part of this study was supported by Aichi Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technological Excellence, Japan Science and Technology Corporation.     

Throughfall,stemflow and interception loss in a mixed white oak forest (Quercus serrata Thunb.)

Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November 1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such as duration and intensity.     

降雨在杉木和马尾松人工林养分循环中的作用

本文对杉木和马尾松林内、外雨树干茎流及迳流所含各种养分物质量进行了测定,其结果表明:林内雨的各种养分物质浓度显著地高于林外雨。林外雨的各养分物质含量是 N>Ca>K>Mg>P,杉木林内雨的各种养分物质量是 K>N>Ca>Mg>P。皆伐迹地迳流中养分流失量显著地高于林地的流失量。雨水养分含量与降雨量存在着半对数函数关系。由降雨输入的养分量显著地大于迳流输出的养分量。林内雨和树干茎流淋溶的养分量占还原养分总量的 48—53％。林内雨和树干淋溶的K、Mg、N的养分量超过凋落物归还的养分量。     

亚热带杉木、马尾松人工林的林内降雨、林冠截留和树干茎流*

本文用统计分析方法对江西分宜县山下林场杉木、马尾松人工林的林内降雨、林冠截留和树干茎流进行了研究。结果表明:在该林分中林内降雨量和树干茎流量随降雨量的增加而以直线形式增加;林冠截留量随降雨量的增加呈幂函数关系上升。在杉木林内,随郁闭度的增大,林内降雨率和树干茎流率减少,而林冠截留率增大,马尾松林和杉木林相比,林内降雨率和树干茎流率较大,而林冠截留率较小。     

中间锦鸡儿冠层降雨再分配特征

以荒漠草原人工中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)灌丛为对象,研究降雨量及降雨强度对两类形态灌丛(健康组和退化组)穿透雨、树干茎流和冠层截留的影响。结果表明:①试验期间共观测到有效降雨33次,以中小降雨事件为主,总降雨量为251mm,次平均降雨量和平均降雨强度分别为7.6mm和1.14mm·h^-1,其中降雨量<2mm,降雨强度<1mm·h^-1的降雨事件出现次数最多。②健康组和退化组中间锦鸡儿平均穿透雨率、树干茎流率和冠层截留率分别为66.7%、8.5%、24.8%和75.4%、8.7%、16.0%,两类形态灌丛之间穿透雨和截留存在显著差异(P<0.05)。③两类形态灌丛的穿透雨量、树干茎流量、截留量与降雨量成线性函数、对数函数和幂函数关系,且其穿透雨率、树干茎流率和截留率与降雨量、降雨强度之间成对数函数和幂函数关系。灌丛形态退化显著改变了冠层降雨再分配格局,冠层截留显著降低,穿透雨显著增加,潜在提高了降水对土壤水分的直接补充,一定程度上有利于人工中间锦鸡儿稳定性的维持。     

小兴安岭白桦林降水转化过程元素特征分析

为了探究小兴安岭白桦林生态系统在降水转化过程中养分循环及养分平衡的变化特征,采用生态系统野外长期定位观测和采样的方法,并利用ICP发射光谱分析仪对小兴安岭白桦林穿透雨、树干径流以及林外雨中的K、Ca、Si、Mg和Mn共5种养分元素进行了测定,结合白桦林对大气降雨的截留再分配比例,计算了白桦林内各元素的输入量,结果表明:1)大气降雨中各养分元素年均质量浓度Ca为最高(10.807 mg/L),Mn最低(0.069 mg/L),其排序为Ca＞K＞Si＞Mg＞Mn;大气降雨中养分输入量排序与养分年均质量浓度有相同排序规律;2)穿透雨与树干径流中的各元素年均质量浓度规律一致,均为Ca＞K＞Mg＞Si＞Mn;与大气降雨相比,穿透雨和树干径流中养分元素的年均浓度均有不同幅度的增长;3)大气降雨中除Ca元素外,其他元素的变异系数均大于1,其中K的变异系数最大(1.514),Ca的变异系数最小(0.827);白桦林穿透雨、树干径流中Mg元素变异系数均为最大,分别为0.989和0.827,最小变异系数分别为Si(0.46)和Mn(0.459);与大气降雨相比,穿透雨和树干径流中各养分元素的变异系数均小于降雨中该元素的变异系数;4)白桦林各元素年净输入量为K＞Mg＞Si＞Mn＞Ca,且Ca元素的年净输入量为负值。      

安徽老山亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中氮和可溶性有机碳的动态变化

对安徽老山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中可溶性碳和氮动态进行了研究。结果表明,该地区大气降雨pH为6.82,呈中性;TOC含量为3.330mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.405mg/L,NO3-N含量0.501mg/L。降雨经过冠层后,物质成分的含量发生显著改变。穿透雨的TOC含量为10.498mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.454mg/L,NO3-N含量为0.959mg/L,分别是林外降雨的3.15,1.12,1.91倍。树干径流的TOC含量为21.157mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.972mg/L,NO3-N含量为1.040mg/L,分别是林外降雨的6.35,2.40,2.08倍。TOC及氮含量的低值都是出现在夏季生长旺盛期,可能与树木在此期需要大量的养分来维持有关,而林外雨各物质含量的出现低值主要与降雨强度、降雨量有关。     

黑龙江东部山地兴安落叶松人工林对水质的影响

 为了解黑龙江省东部山地落叶松人工林生态系统对水质的影响,试验用多参数水质监测仪和原子吸收法对大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行测定。结果表明:在落叶松人工林生态系统中,大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流pH值的变化都不甚明显,变异系数都较低。大气降水经过林冠层后溶解氧含量降低,浊度和电导率明显增加,氧化还原电位逐渐降低,Na、Ca和Mg离子总平均浓度逐渐升高。穿透水和树干径流中K、Ca元素的淋溶量明显高于其他元素,且树干径流各元素的净淋溶和淋溶系数均高于穿透水。地表径流对水质的酸化有缓冲作用。     

黑龙江省东部山地樟子松人工林生态系统水化学特征

对黑龙江省东部山地樟子松人工林(P inus sy lvestr is var.m ongolica)生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和枯透水中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率、氧化还原电位、钾、钠、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、铁等水质指标进行了观测,结果表明:大气降水经过林冠层后,水化学特征发生了明显变化,pH逐层降低,经过枯枝落叶层后,水质的酸化得到了缓解,说明樟子松人工林的枯枝落叶层对水质酸化有很好的缓冲作用。穿透水、树干径流和枯透水的COND变化趋势相同,且各月树干径流和枯透水的COND平均值均高于穿透水和大气降水。枯透水各月ORP的平均值明显低于大气降水和树干径流,可见樟子松人工林的枯枝落叶层对ORP值的降低有很好的作用。樟子松人工林对于增强水中微量元素F e和M n含量也有很好的作用。