A review of non-chemical weed control on hard surfaces

Weed control research to date has mainly focused on arable land, especially regarding herbicides, but also regarding non‐chemical methods. Some of these experiences can be applied to hard surface areas. However, weeds on hard surface areas cause problems that are different from those on arable land. Additionally, crop tolerance does not need to be considered when choosing an appropriate weed control method on these areas. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of weeds and weed control methods on hard surface areas and reveal potential ways of advancement. One of the shortcomings of non‐chemical weed control on hard surfaces thus far, is a lack of proper definition of efficiency of the weed control methods. To obtain effective control, more frequently repeated treatments are required than chemical weed management, thereby increasing the costs of labour and fuel. One way to reduce costs can be by adjusting the level of control to the required visual street quality. Weeds are adapted to the hard surface environment and may be less susceptible to certain control methods. This review indicates that for efficient weed control on hard surfaces there is a need for combining weed control techniques, applying sensors for detecting weeds, adapting the energy dose to type of weed flora and prevention of weeds by improved construction of new surfaces.     

Effects of superheated steam processing on common buckwheat grains: Lipase inactivation and its association with lipidomics profile during storage

Superheated steam (SS) at 170 °C for 5 min was used to inactivate lipase of common buckwheat grains in this study, which effectively retarded lipid hydrolytic rancidity and maintained lipid nutrition of common buckwheat. Higher stabilities based on lower free fatty acid accumulation and lipase activity were observed in SS-treated buckwheat samples during storage. Meanwhile, SS could suppress oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in buckwheat, significantly retard the increase of saturated fatty acids and the decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids during storage. Moreover, the lipidomics profile results indicated that SS processing could retard the increased hydrolysis and oxidation of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidic acid during storage, while regulate the content of galactolipids. Thus, SS processing could effectively inactivate lipase, suppress UFA oxidation, change glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids subclass metabolism, and consequently retard hydrolytic rancidity and the loss of lipid nutrition in buckwheat during storage. SS processing was proved to effectively protect the quality of buckwheat during storage for the first time.     

海南白花含笑叶挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

为了提取海南产白花含笑叶中的挥发油并对其成分进行分析,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了白花含笑叶中的挥发油,并用GC-MS方法对所提取的挥发油成分进行了分离测试。结果显示:从白花含笑叶的挥发油中鉴定出49种物质,占挥发油总成分的86.43%,其主要成分为(+)-1(10)-马兜铃烯(13.06%),桉叶醇(12.01%),榄香醇(9.76%),5,7-二乙基-5,6-癸二烯-3-炔(9.11%),以及2-苄基-4,5-二氢-1H-咪唑(7.57%)。研究结果明确了海南产白花含笑叶中挥发油的主要成分,为白花含笑在医药、林业和化工等各领域的进一步开发利用提供了基础理论依据。     

旱金莲花挥发油的提取及卷烟加香

分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和同时蒸馏萃取法提取旱金莲花挥发油,运用GC/MS分析挥发油的成分,根据内标法计算其含量,并进行卷烟加香试验.结果表明:水蒸气蒸馏法和同时蒸馏萃取法提取挥发油的得率分别为0.124%(1号)、0.517%(2号);检测到的化学组分分别为26、67种,其中有22种在2种方法提取的挥发油中均存在,主要是...     

湿热蒸汽处理木质材料温度动态监测研究

作为一种替代溴甲烷熏蒸木材的技术,湿热蒸汽处理具有突出的环保性。试验通过智能换热站提供湿热蒸汽,设计了钢材框架悬挂耐高温气囊的试验装置,对原木、樟子松拼板、樟子松锯材和单板层积材进行湿热蒸汽处理,并对木材内部升温进行动态监测。利用温度记录仪收集了各温度监测点4 h内的温度实时数据,以及耐高温气囊内部的环境温度实时数据,对湿热蒸汽环境下木质材料不同位置的升温过程进行比较分析,结果表明:木质材料与湿热蒸汽的接触面积是影响其升温速率的关键因素;较大尺寸的木质材料升温速率更高;人造板材与天然木材升温速率基本相同。     

膨润土褐铁矿改性白云石催化松木棒气化工艺优化

针对白云石催化剂在生物质催化气化过程中易碎、易产生积碳失活问题,为提高其催化活性、抗积碳和再生性能,采用固定床下吸式气化炉试验系统,以Fe-Dol-Ben(膨润土/褐铁矿改性白云石)为催化剂,松木屑废料经成型为棒状颗粒为原料,进行高温水蒸气催化气化试验。研究气化温度(700～1000℃)、铁含量(质量分数为5%～20%)以及催化剂使用次数(1～4)等因素对松木棒催化气化性能及催化剂表面积碳影响。试验结果表明,水蒸气和松木棒的质量比(气料比)为1,催化剂的铁质量分数为15%,气化温度为900℃时气化气中氢气的体积分数达到最大值58.38%,Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂积碳量随气化温度升高逐渐减小,试验区间内1 000℃时达到最小值,较700℃减少了80%。气化气中氢气的体积分数随铁含量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,积碳量呈先降低后增加,在铁质量分数为15%催化效果较好。Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂较相同条件下分别用膨润土及改性前白云石催化时积碳量分别减少了80.6%和53.6%。对催化剂进行再生再利用试验表明,使用后的Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂进行700℃煅烧再生后,其晶相与催化前基本相同,将其多次再生循环利用,随着使用次数的增加气化气中氢气的体积分数逐渐降低,催化剂的积碳量逐渐增大,使用4次并用于催化气化时氢气的体积分数仍接近50%,保持较好催化效果。综合气化效果、积碳量及经济性因素,Fe-Dol-Ben铁质量分数为15%,气化温度选取900℃为较理想工况。该研究可为改性白云石Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂的研制及生物质高温水蒸汽催化气化技术提供参考。     

秸秆发电和气化残余物作为肥料在水稻生产上的应用研究

秸秆发电和气化残余物(下称草木灰),其含有丰富的大量和中微量元素,如K、Ca、P、Mg、Si、Cu、Zn、B等,其中钾含量尤为丰富。而水稻是一种喜钾和硅的作物。将草木灰作为钾肥应用于水稻的生产上,一方面可节约生产成本,另一方面还可以改善大米的品质;但草木灰同时还含有重金属元素,过量的施入势必会带来土壤环境的恶化,本文通过分析土壤中和大米中重金属含量的变化,得出本试验中草木灰的施入不会引起环境的恶化;从生产成本和水稻产量与品质上综合考虑得出处理木灰1 50%替代化学钾肥和草木灰2 75%替代化学钾肥是最佳施肥处理。     

蒸汽爆破处理的玉米秸秆饲料饲用安全性的研究

经急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌营养缺陷回复突变试验研究了蒸汽爆破处理的玉米秸秆饲料的饲用安全性。结果表明：蒸汽爆破处理的玉米秸秆饲料产品安全无毒。同时采用纤维素酶对蒸汽爆破处理后的玉米秸秆进行酶解处理，共获得了11．52％可作为动物饲料益生素成分的可溶性寡糖。     

两种物理加工方式对西洋参加工副产物粉体性质的影响

为明确西洋参加工副产物粉体的适宜加工方式,扩大西洋参加工副产物粉体在食品与保健品加工中的应用范围,丰富西洋参产品种类,分别采用蒸汽爆破、超微粉碎两种物理加工方式处理西洋参加工副产物粉体,评价其物理指标和营养指标,以期为生产西洋参片剂、粉剂、胶囊剂等产品提供一定的理论参考。结果表明：超微西洋参粉体与对照和汽爆相比色泽保持效果好,休止角小,比表面积大,可满足加工成片剂和胶囊剂的需求,也适宜作为功能性食品原料吸附或包裹于食品表面;其膨胀力大,持油力强,有利于吸附肠道中的脂类,适合加工为固体饮料。汽爆西洋参粉体滑动角小,堆积密度大,吸湿率小,更利于压片成型以及产品的短期保存;同时,汽爆西洋参粉体粗多糖含量大幅度增加,是对照粗多糖的4.107倍,更适合加工成功能性固体饮料。     

地瓜干加工创新工艺研究

针对地瓜干传统加工法存在高硫(>1000mg·kg-1)、高糖(总糖含量60%-70%)、高杂菌、低水分(≤15%)的严重问题,研究出了无硫护色剂、臭氧灭菌、微波-蒸汽协同杀菌等先进技术和设备,应用到地瓜干加工中,生产出低硫(<10mg·kg-1)、低糖(总糖含量为40%左右)、低杂菌(低于商业标准)、高水分(水分大于20%)的地瓜干产品。规模生产实践表明,本工艺安全可靠,操作简便,易于实现生产自动化;产品安全卫生,口感好,色泽佳,已畅销日本、韩国、美国等市场。