毛细节水灌溉条件下蔗区土壤水分运移规律研究

毛细节水灌溉作为一种类似滴灌的新型灌溉技术逐渐得到关注。在室内模拟了毛细管水分在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土中的运移情况。通过室内试验和HYDRUS-3D建模分析表明:土壤类型对土壤各方向入渗有明显的影响,水分运移速度和土壤各方向湿润范围顺序为:沙土壤土黏土;3种土壤含水率等值线变化规律基本一致,同样湿润位置土壤含水率顺序为:黏土壤土沙土。根据毛细管的水分在沙土、壤土和黏土运移规律,提出毛细管在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土的合理埋深应为40、30和20cm。     

太阳系天体相对地球某点的波动式螺线运动(Ⅱ)——太阳系七大行星相对地球某点的螺线运动方程推导及模拟分析

为研究太阳系天体相对地球某点的运动规律,在太阳系天体相对地球某点的波动式螺线运动(I)中推导出太阳和月球对地球赤道某点和纬度某点的波动式螺线运动轨迹方程,并进行了计算机模拟与分析的基础上,推导出太阳系七大行星对地球赤道某点和纬度某点的波动式螺线运动轨迹方程,并分别进行了计算机模拟与分析.结果表明,太阳系七大行星相对于地球某点的运动轨迹为与幅值与角度相关的波动式螺线,向x轴方向等速传播,并且在两种坐标轴下的运动规律与太阳、月亮类似.并且:1在双波动坐标轴下分析,水星运动轨迹在yz平面上的投影出现重波;2金星运动轨迹在yz平面上的投影疏密度与其余星球相反;3在波动-螺面坐标轴下分析,天王星和海王星螺线与太阳的最相近.     

Effects of a short period of drought on changes in tuber volume and specific leaf weight. II. Diurnal changes

Summary Single-stemmed potato plants, cv. Bintje, were grown on a nutrient solution under controlled conditions. They were exposed to a short drought stress, or remained untreated. Short-term changes in tuber volume and in specific leaf weight were measured non-destructively. Tubers from control plants increased rapidly in volume during the night and did not grow, or even shrivelled during the day. Tubers of stressed plants did not show a uniform response; some tubers markedly declined in volume during the day. The patterns of volume increase of stressed plants became erratic after the stress, mainly because some plants never fully recovered. Patterns of diurnal fluctuation in tuber volume were similar to diurnal changes in specific leaf weight; tubers within the same stressed plant sometimes reacted differently. In these cases the effects on the diurnal fluctuation partly reflected the long-term effects, reported in an earlier paper.     

植物混掺物对土壤水分运动影响的分析

[目的]研究植物混掺物对土壤含水率、土壤保水性和入渗性的影响。[方法]利用简单试验仪器设计植物混掺物的室内渗流试验,即在相同入渗水量（注水920 ml）条件下,测定纯土及掺有1%和3%麦秸、胡麻杆及玉米芯8种土壤类型的土壤水入渗的相关参数,比较其土壤含水率和湿润锋推移的差异性。[结果]在植物混掺物的湿润锋推移中,混掺3%麦秸、胡麻杆、玉米芯的无积水时刻分别为79、83和75 min,水平湿润锋入渗距离分别为12.6、12.1和13.2 cm,垂向湿润锋入渗距离分别为14.0、14.5和15.0 cm,以混掺3%玉米芯的土壤无积水时刻少,水平湿润锋入渗距离和垂向湿润锋入渗距离为最高,其含水率低1%～3%。[结论]在耕作层中掺入适量秸秆有助于提高土壤保水性,增加入渗性及墒情,实际耕作中以添加3%玉米芯为最好。     

Adaptation to Change and Re-designing of Governance Systems: Cases from Small-Scale Rural Forestry

Changes in small-scale forest governance as a reaction to global changes are viewed from the system dynamics perspective, focused on two levels of dynamic systems: the policy system with sets of interactions at the national level and the management system at the local level. These interactions are considered through permanent adaptation and re-shaping of stakeholders’ networks and positions provoking further changes in the systems. Empirical evidence has been obtained from two case studies related to small-scale rural forestry in distinct contexts—France (the Territorial Forestry Charters) and Kyrgyzstan (collaborative forest management and leasing of forest plots)—and viewed through a theoretical framework of social-political systems dynamics. The changes caused by the systems’ capacity for adaptability and resilience are expressed through a double spiral of decision-making, characterising the interactions between national policies and local management practices. The analysis leads to a conclusion that changes are basically determined by the formal and informal stakeholders’ strategies developed in a specific context and their mutual adaptation aimed at system resilience.

Using knowledge of behaviour and optic physiology to improve fish passage through culverts

Culverts reduce connectivity for aquatic animals by being both a hydraulic and physical barrier. However, altered light intensity may also be a behavioural barrier to fish movement, especially for diurnal species that have adapted to moving when it is light. We propose that knowledge of optical physiology and fish behaviour, two important mechanisms underpinning movement, can inform efforts to improve fish movement through culverts. We firstly review the sensory systems of fish with reference to visual sense and explore how this affects fish movement. We then highlight theoretical knowledge that can help us understand fish behaviour and the potential mismatch between the conditions under which fish have evolved and altered conditions within culverts. We describe potential knowledge gaps and directions for future research to improve our understanding of how culverts may affect fish movement. Finally, we explore the potential costs and ecological benefits of different mitigation options to identify those with the most promise for managing the light environment in culverts to facilitate movement. For researchers and managers exploring this subject, we suggest an approach that: (a) identifies light requirements for movement by different species, (b) tests movement under different light conditions and (c) considers an integrative assessment method for testing fish behaviour around culverts. Understanding how optical physiology, fish behaviour and culvert design influence fish movement can improve connectivity for a range of species.     

基于视频跟踪的竖缝式鱼道内鱼类运动行为分析

鱼类运动行为的观察能够为鱼类健康监控提供直观信息,而通过人工标定的方式监测鱼群运动行为耗时长、效率低。文章针对鱼类运动行为的监测问题,提出一种基于图像处理技术的罗非鱼运动监测方法。首先利用计算机、CCD高清摄像机获取鱼群运动视频,再对图像进行滤波去噪、灰度等处理;通过Ostu阈值分割法改进Canny边缘检测算法提取鱼群的边缘轮廓;在建立鱼群运动模型的基础上结合目标关联匹配算法,实现罗非鱼运动行为的跟踪和监测。结果显示鱼群的个体检出率为98.96%,轨迹完整度为97%。提出的算法比卡尔曼滤波的轨迹跟踪监测效果略有提升,能够较好地完成鱼群的运动跟踪和动态监测。     

地区竞争与政府改制

分权化改革导致了地区间的竞争,地区间竞争有利于市场化,资源市场化流动在部分地区内可以促使政府改制的出现。但资源市场化流动还取决于其他客观条件,对于资源行政化流动和客观条件落后吸引不到资源的地区,政府则没有改制的动力,这解释了现实中改制与否两种情况并存的局面,而通过财政转移支付改进落后地区客观条件具有促进当地政府改制的作用。     

离心泵压水室内部定常和非定常流动PIV测量

为研究离心泵压水室内的流动特性,利用PIV技术在内同步和外同步模式下分别测量了其内部的定常和非定常流场,详细分析了压水室内部流动现象和流动规律。结果表明,压水室内速度沿轴向分布均匀,随圆周角增大而减小;在叶轮和压水室的交界处,存在清晰的速度分界线;受蜗舌的分流作用,部分流体回流入叶轮流道,扩散管入口处速度显著降低;压水室内部周期性非定常流动规律明显,第VIII断面上,速度的大小和波动幅度沿径向均呈减小趋势,周向速度的波动与叶轮流道内部高速流区的位置有关,而径向速度的波动主要受叶片干扰和哥氏力的影响。研究结果为压水室设计以及离心泵内部流动的试验研究提供了借鉴。     

波涌灌间歇入渗饱和-非饱和土壤水分运动数值模拟及试验

考虑到地下水浅埋对上层包气带水分分布造成一定影响,该研究结合波涌灌技术,对地下水浅埋下间歇入渗的土壤水分分布特征和运动规律进行了分析,建立了基于饱和-非饱和土壤条件下一维间歇入渗水分运动模型,根据试验实测资料采用Hydrus-1D软件反推土壤水分运动参数,并对入渗过程进行了模拟。在此基础上,确定了饱和导水率的估算模型。结果表明:所建参数估算模型较好地反映了饱和导水率与间歇周期数、循环率以及周期时间之间的相关关系,所建水分运动模型模拟值与实测值比较,累计入渗量、土壤含水率以及湿润体运移距离总体相关系数高于0.96,均方差在0.5以内,吻合度较高,能够较好地描述了地下水影响条件下波涌灌间歇入渗饱和-非饱和土壤水分运动特征。该研究为波涌灌技术进一步发展奠定了科学基础。