Effects of temperature and concentration of the accelerators ethoxylated alcohols,diethyl suberate and tributyl phosphate on the mobility of [14C]2,4‐dichlorophenoxy butyric acid in plant cuticles

Intrinsic activities of monodisperse ethoxylated dodecanols (MEDs), diethyl suberate (DESU) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were investigated using Stephanotis floribunda leaf cuticular membranes (CMs) and [¹⁴C]2,4‐dichlorophenoxy butyric acid (2,4‐DB) as a model solute. When sorbed in cuticular membranes, MEDs, DESU and TBP increase solute mobility and are called accelerators for this reason. With MEDs, dose‐effect curves (log mobility vs accelerator concentration) were linear but, with DESU and TBP, curves convex to the x axes were obtained that approached a maximum at 90 and 150 g kg⁻¹, respectively. Accelerators increased the mobility of 2,4‐DB in the CMs by 9‐ to 48‐fold, and effects were larger at lower temperatures (range 15–30 °C). Activation energy for diffusion of 2,4‐DB was 105 kJ mol⁻¹, decreasing with increasing accelerator concentrations to 26 kJ mol⁻¹ with DESU at 90 g kg⁻¹ and 64 kJ mol⁻¹ with TBP at 150 g kg⁻¹. Thus, the intrinsic activity of DESU was much higher than that of TBP, which implies that, for a given effect, less DESU than TBP would be needed. MEDs were also very effective accelerators, lowering activation energies to 36 kJ mol⁻¹. Data are discussed in relation to increasing rates of foliar penetration of active ingredients at low temperatures. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

P1 of strawberry vein banding virus,a multilocalized protein,functions as a movement protein and interacts with the coat protein

Although the complete nucleotide sequence of strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) has been determined and bioinformatic analysis has revealed that the SVBV genome could encode seven proteins, the precise function of each protein is unclear. This study provided evidence that the P1 protein of SVBV (SVBV-P1) possesses the following features. Bioinformatic and subcellular localization analyses showed that SVBV-P1 is localized in the cytoplasm and cell walls of epidermal cells in Nicotiana benthamiana, and it forms inclusion bodies associated with microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum. Dilution experiments demonstrated that SVBV-P1 could move from the original agro-infiltrated cells to adjacent cells in N. benthamiana leaves. Further trans-complementation experiments demonstrated that SVBV-P1 could facilitate the intercellular movement of a movement-deficient potato virus X mutant in N. benthamiana leaves. Finally, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that SVBV-P1 could interact with the SVBV coat protein, which is a major component of Caulimovirus virions. Results of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that SVBV-P1 lacks DNA-binding capability. In summary, the results suggest that SVBV-P1 is probably a movement protein of SVBV, providing new insights into the function of movement proteins of the Caulimovirus genus.     

新型压电-流体混合驱动精密位移机构

提出一种新型压电驱动精密位移机构,着重介绍了其结构、工作原理和控制方法,分析了机构参数与输出性能之间的关系。该机构以压电叠堆为动力元件驱动流体,利用换向阀控制流体流向,通过执行缸两个腔体内流体置换的方法将压电叠堆的往复振动转换成执行缸的直线运动。调整电压或执行缸的参数可获得所需的进给步长和输出推力,具有精度高、易于控制、稳定性好等特点,适用于微位移以及较大行程范围内的精密进给运动。     

圆形网衣在水流作用下的运动变形特性

研究网衣在水流作用下的运动变形是深入了解网箱耐流特性的关键。本研究基于集中质量点法,建立了圆形网衣在水流作用下的数值计算模型,并利用前人的试验结果对数值模型进行了验证。验证结果表明,无论是网衣的变形还是受力情况,模拟结果都与试验结果吻合良好。在此基础上,针对实际应用中的圆形网衣,在不同配重(GW1=400kg、GW2=800kg)和流速(U=0.3～0.9m/s)条件下,对网衣变形、网衣底端前后点位移、网衣底端倾角进行了数值模拟,探讨了流速、配重大小对网衣运动变形特性的影响。结果表明,水流速度的增大会加剧网衣的变形,在配重GW1、流速U=0.75m/s时,网衣容积损失率达到50%以上。网衣底端前点的水平位移大于后点的水平位移,前点的垂直位移则小于后点的垂直位移,随着流速的增大,网衣底端前后点的位移差异将更为明显。当配重增加时,网衣底端位移、倾角以及网衣容积损失率可相应减小,网衣变形得到一定改善。数值模拟证明,本研究所建立的数值计算模式具有较好的稳定性和解的收敛性,可为下一步波浪、流联合作用下的整体网箱模拟奠定良好的理论基础。     

Fish movement and habitat use depends on water body size and shape

Abstract –  Home ranges are central to understanding habitat diversity, effects of fragmentation and conservation. The distance that an organism moves yields information on life history, genetics and interactions with other organisms. Present theory suggests that home range is set by body size of individuals. Here, we analyse estimates of home ranges in lakes and rivers to show that body size of fish and water body size and shape influence home range size. Using 71 studies including 66 fish species on five continents, we show that home range estimates increased with increasing water body size across water body shapes. This contrasts with past studies concluding that body size sets home range. We show that water body size was a consistently significant predictor of home range. In conjunction, body size and water body size can provide improved estimates of home range than just body size alone. As habitat patches are decreasing in size worldwide, our findings have implications for ecology, conservation and genetics of populations in fragmented ecosystems.     

Swimming depths of the giant jellyfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nemopilema nomurai</Emphasis> investigated using pop-up archival transmitting tags and ultrasonic pingers

The swimming depths of 12 individual Nemopilema nomurai with bell diameters of 0.8–1.6 m were investigated using pop-up archival transmitting tags and ultrasonic pingers, and the validity of the research method was evaluated. The N. nomurai studied frequently showed vertical movement, with the swimming depth ranging from 0 to 176 m, The mean swimming depths of most individuals were less than 40 m. The swimming depths of N. nomurai in the northern Japan Sea in the winter were mostly deeper than those of this species in the southern Japan Sea in the autumn. This result suggests that the range of the depths almost depends on the vertical structure of the ocean. Swimming depths during the nighttime were significantly deeper than those during the daytime. More specifically, during the daytime, the swimming depths in the afternoon tended to be shallower than those in the morning, while during the nighttime, the swimming depths after midnight were deeper than those before midnight.     

Landslide erosion risk to New Zealand pastoral steeplands productivity

Pastoral land use in New Zealand's North Island hill terrain has led to high rates of rainstorm-induced landslide erosion higher than existed under the indigenous forest regime, with consequent soil productivity declines in the long term. To assist extrapolation of research results to other areas, and to shed light on long-term erosion risks, a simple model was developed that simulates the evolution of hillslope soil productivity, taking into account the effect of slope, rainstorm magnitude–frequency relations and soil recovery rates. Risks are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation, and reflect parameter uncertainty as well as the natural randomness associated with climatic events. A sensitivity analysis showed that landslide risk was most affected by the rainfall threshold for landsliding, the mean of the extreme value distribution for annual maximum storm rainfall, and the maximum degree of recovery of pasture productivity following landsliding. Simulations suggest productivity stabilizes at a reduced level well before all steep terrain is affected by landsliding, and that subsequent expected landslide-induced productivity declines are too slow to provide sufficient economic motivation for measures to prevent landslide damage. A refined model showed that long-term average rates of productivity decline are sensitive to changes in recovery rates resulting from progressive removal of the soil resource. Charts summarizing simulation results can be used to estimate long-term productivity declines. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同透水状况对坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响

 为研究坡地物质迁移的重要过程,通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究不同透水状况坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的过程与机制。研究结果表明:不透水坡地的初始产流时间比半透水和完全透水坡地提前57min,且土壤侵蚀总量大于其余两者土壤侵蚀量之和;在二次降雨条件下,不透水坡地的土壤侵蚀剧烈,土壤侵蚀量大于其他2种状况之和的5倍;在首次降雨过程中3种不同透水状况的径流养分浓度变化表现一致,仅在降雨75min后开始呈现差异;二次降雨过程中径流养分浓度存在显著差异。因此,存在不透水底层或入渗速率低的犁底层坡地,具有潜在的严重土壤侵蚀与磷钾流失趋势,尤其在初始土壤含水量较高的情况下。为合理配置坡地水土保持管理措施和控制养分流失提供参考。     

漫灌淋洗暗管排水协同改良滨海盐土水盐时空变化特征

为揭示暗管排水下漫灌淋洗土壤水盐运移规律,改进灌排工程技术,提高灌排改良效果,该文应用Vedernikov入渗方程和Van der Molen淋洗脱盐方程,对滨海盐土灌排改良过程土壤水分入渗、淋洗水量分配、盐分时空变化特征等进行了模拟研究。结果表明,间距分别为3、6、9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~1.5、0~3、0~4.5 m)田面漫灌稳定入渗强度分别在3.14~4.26、1.19~3.68和0.58~3.55 cm/d之间,排水暗管间距越大的田面土壤入渗强度空间变化也越大。暗管排水下田面漫灌入渗强度的空间变化导致淋洗水量空间分配不均,距暗管越近的区域分配的淋洗水量越多,也导致了土壤淋洗脱盐空间差异明显。漫灌淋洗20 d,间距9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~4.5 m)仅靠近暗管0~0.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的13.3%;漫灌淋洗40 d,仅靠近暗管0~1.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的35.5%;为了使暗管排水控制区域0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量都下降到3.00 g/kg以下,需要漫灌淋洗100 d。完全一致地漫灌淋洗整个区域将导致暗管附近区域土壤过度淋洗,浪费水资源;而距暗管较远区域土壤淋洗不充分,降低淋洗效率。     

振动与波浪二级分离马铃薯收获机改进

针对当前马铃薯机械化收获环节存在的破皮率和伤薯率较高等问题,通过设置振动分离段和波浪分离段、基于振动与波浪二级分离改进了一种马铃薯收获机,并分析了振动与波浪二级分离条件下的分离筛及薯块运动特征。单因素试验表明,收获速度为0.726 m/s时,单位时间内挖掘的薯土混合物较少,易导致薯块疲劳累积损伤,当收获速度为1.167m/s时分离筛的分离负担加大,土壤和杂质分离效率降低,导致明薯率下降;分离筛运行速度从1.52提高至2.80 m/s时,破皮率和伤薯率呈先降低后增大的趋势,但明薯率自99.8%下降至96.4%;振动强度由无振动增加到强烈振动时,明薯率提高3.3%,但破皮率和伤薯率均有较大幅度的增加;峰谷高差自40~40 mm增大到200~200 mm时,明薯率由97.2%升高至99.8%,但其破皮率和伤薯率均有所升高。正交试验表明:破皮率和伤薯率受收获速度和振动强度的影响规律基本一致;收获速度和振动强度对破皮率和伤薯率的影响较显著(P0.05),振动强度和峰谷高差对明薯率的影响较显著(P0.05)。该文为马铃薯收获机的研发优化以及薯土分离效率和收获品质的综合控制提供了技术参考。