稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比筛选

【目的】以腐殖质组成特征为评价依据,筛选稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比,为两类农业固体废弃物的资源化应用提供参考。【方法】以稻草和牛粪为材料,采用室内培养法,研究稻草与牛粪质量比为10∶0(Rs),9∶1(Rd1),7∶3(Rd2),5∶5(Rd3),3∶7(Rd4),1∶9(Rd5)和0∶10(Dm)混合腐解90 d,各处理水溶性物质(WSS)、可提取腐殖酸(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(Hu)组分的有机碳含量(依次表述为C_(WSS)、C_(HE)、C_(HA)、C_(Hu)),以及胡敏酸碱溶液E_4/E_6、腐殖化系数(C_(HA)/C_(FA))的动态变化,筛选稻草与牛粪腐解的最佳配比。【结果】与0 d相比,在腐解完成(90 d)后,各处理C_(WSS)含量均有不同程度降低,相比于稻草,牛粪腐解后更易促进微生物对C_(WSS)的利用,使其下降86.2%;Rd2和Rd5处理使物料C_(HE)含量分别增加10.2%和28.6%,其余处理C_(HE)均有不同程度消耗;与0 d相比,腐解完成后,Rd1、Rd3和Dm处理均有助于C_(HA)的积累,其中牛粪腐解更易促进C_(HA)的形成,使其增加30.5%。在各处理下,物料HA分子均先发生降解、脂族化,而后逐渐缩合、芳香化,但HA分子结构仍趋于简单;在促进HA分子脂族化方面,Rd4处理的优势最大,而Dm处理更有利于HA结构的稳定。Rd3处理在促进腐殖质品质方面的贡献最大,其次为Rd1处理,Dm和Rs处理次之,但Rd2和Rd5处理不利于腐殖质品质的改善;Rs、Rd1、Rd2、Rd3和Rd4处理在腐解过程中更有利于C_(Hu)的分解,且Rd3处理的优势最大,使C_(Hu)含量下降91.0%,而牛粪比例≥90%更有助于C_(Hu)的累积。【结论】稻草与牛粪按照质量比5∶5混合腐解,易促进C_(Hu)的分解和C_(HA)的积累,利于腐殖质品质提升。     

Geomorphic estimates of the stability of a uranium mill tailings containment cover: Nabarlek,Northern Territory,Australia

The geomorphic stability of the cover (cap) over the pit of Nabarlek Uranium Mine in Arnhem Land, Northern Australia, is important because radon gas and other long-lived radio-nuclides arising from mill tailings must be contained for long periods. The primary agents of denudation in the region's seasonally wet tropical environment of low relief are rainwash, overland flow, rilling and gullying. Other agents of erosion are of less concern, although biogenic agents of erosion (e.g. termites and windthrow) may enhance fluvial activity. A combination of modelling, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and analogue estimates of denudation and thresholds of rilling and gullying from areas with similar geology, topography and climate are used to estimate the stability of the Nabarlek cover. Denudation rates are conservatively estimated at less than 100mm ky⁻¹. It is suggested that with some minor design modifications the cover will retain its integrity for several thousand years.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥在农业上的应用

堆肥化处理城市生活垃圾是目前固体废物处理的热点问题,而堆肥的应用则是亟待解决的问题。总结了城市生活垃圾堆肥在农业上的应用效果,介绍了施用垃圾堆肥的关键技术,并对垃圾堆肥的应用前景进行展望。     

四川省秸秆和畜禽粪便县域分布特征和资源化利用潜力

为明晰四川省近年秸秆和畜禽粪便分布格局和特征,基于2018年四川省县域尺度主要粮油作物产量和畜禽出栏量,通过空间分析明确四川主要粮油作物秸秆(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜)和畜禽粪便(牛、羊、猪、家禽)资源分布状况及聚集区,探讨各县秸秆和畜禽粪便循环利用潜力和途径。结果表明：四川省2018年秸秆可收集总量为2 808.55万t,呈现“一个中心,东密西疏”的分布规律,秸秆种类以玉米和水稻秸秆为主;畜禽粪便总量为8 162.02万t,呈现“三个中心,外密内疏”的分布规律,猪粪占绝对优势,占比高达57.8%。2018年四川省秸秆肥料化理论上可节约当年全省7.4%氮肥和5.0%磷肥投入,可全量替代当年全省钾肥用量,秸秆能源化可替代1 422.71万t标准煤或6.22×10⁹m³沼气。2018年四川省畜禽粪便全部肥料化可节约当年全省42.6%氮肥投入,可全量替代当年全省磷肥和钾肥用量,畜禽粪便能源化利用可折算成835.19万t标准煤或4.15×10⁹m³沼气。99%、95%和90%置信区间秸秆热点县分别有30、40...     

利用不同无机和有机固体废物配制技术新成土的研究

为拓展固体废物的利用途径,以生活污泥、蚯蚓粪、秸秆、粉煤灰、煤渣为原料通过为期3个月的室内恒温培养来制备技术新成土,研究不同原料配比对技术新成土理化性质的影响。结果表明：制备的技术新成土pH在7.08～7.69之间,水稳性团聚体总量为49.83%～86.44%,团聚体破碎率为13.10%～32.20%,平均质量直径和几何平均直径分别为0.54～1.04 mm和0.54～0.89 mm。培养后技术新成土的氮、磷、钾速效养分分别下降了11.03%～38.08%、5.79%～25.06%、0.11%～10.52%,总有机碳含量在5.26%～8.74%之间,整体养分含量处于较高水平。DTPA提取态Zn含量升高了15.74%～102.40%,DTPA提取态Cd含量降低了17.39%～65.02%。生物毒性实验表明有9种处理不会对植物生长产生明显影响,有3种处理需要对配方进行调整。综合pH、团聚体总量及稳定性、养分含量来看,所制备的技术新成土的性质基本达到了自然土壤的正常范围,可以用于土壤复垦、改良或代替部分自然土壤。污泥会导致处理中重金属Zn含量较高,因此制备的技术新成土应避免种植蔬菜、粮食等农...     

农药包装废弃物回收处置管理的思考

本文在深入调研农药包装废弃物的回收处置现状上,提出一是加快土地流转,转变农业生产方式,实行科学种养和统防联治;二是开展调研立法,从源头增收排污和包装废弃物回收处置费;三是组建或聘用专业的基层技术服务队;四是合理布局,建立和完善处置体系装备;五是实行补贴“一票否决制”和“补偿激励”机制的意见及建议。从源头和制度上切实解决“有人干、有经费、有设备、有制度”保障等问题,切实做好农药包装废弃物的回收处置工作,实行乡村振兴的优居环境。     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱嗅觉测量联用初探鲢肉的挥发性风味物质

为探明鲢肉挥发性气味特征物质,通过顶空固相微萃取法提取和浓缩了鲢肉中的挥发性物质,并利用气相色谱质谱联用以及气相色谱〖CD*7/9〗嗅觉测量法对气味物质进行了定性分析及气味特征的评价。由8人组成的评价小组通过检测频率法进行嗅觉测量。结果表明,经GCMS分析鉴定得到了29种挥发性气味物质,主要是一些羰基类和醇类化合物,占了总挥发性物质的88%。通过检测频率分析法鉴定出12种化合物具有气味特征,表现为鱼腥、金属、青草、油脂氧化、蘑菇等特征。另外有4种未知物也显示了较强的风味特性,它们协同作用构成了鲢的特殊气味。     

Effect of crude oil extracts from trout offal as a replacement for fish oil in the diets of the Australian native fish Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii

The efficacy of trout oil (TO), extracted from trout offal from the aquaculture industry, was evaluated in juvenile Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (25.4±0.81 g) diets in an experiment conducted over 60 days at 23.7±0.8 °C. Five isonitrogenous (48% protein), isolipidic (16%) and isoenergetic (21.8 kJ g^?1) diets, in which the fish oil fraction was replaced in increments of 25% (0–100%), were used. The best growth and feed efficiency was observed in fish fed diets containing 50–75% TO. The relationship of specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) to the amount of TO in the diets was described in each case by second‐order polynomial equations (P<0.05), which were: SGR=–0.44TO²+0.52TO+1.23 (r²=0.90, P<0.05); FCR=0.53TO²–0.64TO+1.21 (r²=0.95, P<0.05); and PER=–0.73TO²+0.90TO+1.54 (r²=0.90, P<0.05). Significant differences in carcass and muscle proximate compositions were noted among the different dietary treatments. Less lipid was found in muscle than in carcass. The fatty acids found in highest amounts in Murray cod, irrespective of the dietary treatment, were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1n‐9), linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3). The fatty acid composition of the muscle reflected that of the diets. Both the n‐6 fatty acid content and the n‐3 to n‐6 ratio were significantly (P<0.05) related to growth parameters, the relationships being as follows. Percentage of n‐6 in diet (X) to SGR and FCR: SGR=–0.12X²+3.96X–32.51 (r²=0.96) and FCR=0.13X²–4.47X+39.39 (r²=0.98); and n‐3:n‐6 ratio (Z) to SGR, FCR, PER: SGR=–2.02Z²+5.01Z–1.74 (r²=0.88), FCR=2.31Z²–5.70Z+4.54 (r²=0.93) and PER=–3.12Z²–7.56Z+2.80 (r²=0.88) respectively. It is evident from this study that TO could be used effectively in Murray cod diets, and that an n‐3:n‐6 ratio of 1.2 results in the best growth performance in Murray cod.     

保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉特征性风味成分的影响

为明晰保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉冷藏期间的特征性风味物质的影响。本实验利用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)结合电子鼻和电子舌技术,对经微酸性氧化电解水和ε-聚赖氨酸两步法保鲜处理的冷鲜鲟鱼肉在冷藏期间的挥发性成分和滋味成分进行分析。电子鼻能够对挥发性成分从整体上进行分析,贮藏后期保鲜处理组和对照组的鲟鱼肉挥发性气味的数据集无重叠区域,差异明显。利用SPME-GC-MS定性鉴定出46种挥发性物质,主要包括醛类、酮类、烃类和醇类等物质,其中己醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛和2,5-辛二酮、苯乙酮、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮为保鲜处理组的主要挥发性物质,保鲜处理延缓了冷鲜鲟鱼肉腥味的产生以及鱼肉香味的下降。电子舌检测冷藏过程中鲟鱼肉的滋味物质时发现,保鲜处理组苦味、涩味、咸味均低于对照组,两组样品贮藏6 d后,在苦味、涩味、咸味、鲜味方面均呈显著差异。保鲜处理起到了减缓冷藏期间冷鲜鲟鱼肉风味物质下降的作用,为保鲜处理在冷鲜鲟鱼肉中的应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

Nocturnal feeding reduces sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) pellet-catching ability

European sea bass exhibits a feeding rhythm with seasonal phase inversions: nocturnal feeding is predominant in winter, and diurnal feeding during the rest of the year. This explains the increased growth of sea bass fed at night during the winter months, but to fully assess such feeding practices, it is important to monitor food-catching efficiency in the dark. To evaluate the influence of nocturnal feeding on pellet-capture efficiency under laboratory conditions, we developed an infrared pellet detector linked to on-line recording with a microcomputer. Feed waste was recorded for eight groups of four sea bass (54.6±15.8 g body weight) fed either diurnal or nocturnal meals with long (>60 s) or short (<20 s) feed availability times. With short feed availability times, food-catching efficiency in complete darkness (0 lx) was reduced to 78.6%, compared to 93.5% in diurnally fed fish. This was confirmed in a second experiment, performed during winter, involving 4000 sea bass in four sea cages (1000 per cage) provided with self-feeders and pellets detectors. Feed waste amounted to less than 13% of the food distributed, but nocturnal demands (29% of total feed demands) were accompanied by higher levels of uneaten pellets (68% of the total feed waste) than diurnal demand. This suggests that if the aim is to reduce feed waste, nocturnal feeding should be restricted in sea cages.