皖北石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

通过研究皖北石灰岩山地生态系统的植被群落,分析不同植被恢复群落的组成、结构、多样性和生活型组成,进而阐明石灰岩山地生态系统植被恢复模式对群落结构特征以及植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明:研究区有54种植物,隶属26科54属。侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)+构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)人工混交林有植物种类16科26种,分别占总数的61.5%和48.1%。酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)+牡荆(Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia)灌丛和荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)+牡荆草灌丛植物种类分别为32和33种,分别占调查总物种数的59.3%和61.1%。不同植被恢复群落生活型也有差异。侧柏+构树人工混交林群落高位芽植物占优势,而酸枣+牡荆灌丛和荩草+牡荆草灌丛则以地面芽植物所占比例较大。分析表明,多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均表现为侧柏+构树混交林>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>荩草+牡荆草灌丛,但物种丰富度表现为荩草+牡荆草灌丛>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>侧柏+构树混交...     

Integrating multiple electromagnetic data to map spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity in Kairouan region,Central Tunisia

Soil salinization is a major problem affecting soils and threatening agricultural sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions,which makes it necessary to establish an efficient strategy to manage soil salinity and confront economic challenges that arise from it.Saline soil recovery involving drainage of shallow saline groundwater and the removal of soil salts by natural rainfall or by irrigation are good strategies for the reclamation of salty soil.To develop suitable management strategies for salty soil reclamation,it is essential to improve soil salinity assessment pro cess/mechanism and to adopt new approaches and techniques.T his study mapped a recovered area of 7200 m2 to assess and verify variations in soil salinity in space and time in K airouan region in Central Tunisia,taking into account the thickness of soil materials.Two electromagnetic conductivity meters(EM38 and EM31)were used to measure the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extract(ECe)and apparent electrical conductivity(E Ca).Multiple linear regression was established between ECe and ECa,and it was revealed that ECa-EM38 is optimal for E Ce prediction in the surface soils.Salinity maps demonstrated that the spatial structure of soil salinity in the region of interest was relatively unchanged but varied temporally.Variation in salinity at the soil surface was greater than that at a depth.These findings can not only be used to track soil salinity variations and their significance in the field but also help to identify the spatial and temporal features of soil salinity,thus improving the efficiency of soil management.     

干旱区农田土壤水分地温变化规律及其相互关系

以干旱区农田灌溉后土壤水分、地温实测数据为基础,研究了其土壤水分、地温各自的变化规律及两者的相互关系.结果表明,各层含水量之间具有高相关性,基本达到了极显著的水平.这与土壤水分灌溉时由上而下的逐渐下渗,以及蒸发时由下而上的逐层上升有密切的关系.各层地温间的相关性大,除地面温度外,其余各层地温间的相关水平为显著或极显著水平,且相邻土层地温间均呈极显著相关.土壤水分及地温剖面垂直变化特征明显,并具有动态性.土壤水分含量大时,两者的垂直变异系数小,反之变异系数大.0～20 cm、地面(0 cm)分别为剖面含水量及地温变异强度的最大层,属中等变异强度.土壤水分及温度之间的负相关性明显.地面温度是预测表层、底层土壤水分的良好指标,利用回归分析法建立的土壤水分与地温间的函数关系可为推测土壤水分提供依据.     

关中地区几种苜蓿地上生物量初步研究

对5个苜蓿Medicago sativa品种的地上生物量形成规律进行了初步研究.结果表明:苜蓿生物量的增长速率不仅与本身生理特性有关,而且与环境密切相关;株高在分枝末期现蕾初期增长速度快.绝对生长速率与相对生长速率在分枝末期现蕾期都较大,此时的水分管理具有重要意义;不同苜蓿品种的群落结构大多为菱形;同化系统与非同化系统的比值随高度的增加而减少.     

Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study

Two common plant species of temperate wet grasslands, Carex acuta and Glyceria maxima, were tested for their preferences in the uptake of different nitrogen (N) sources (amino acid, ammonium, nitrate) and their ability to compete for these sources with soil microorganisms. The experiment was a one-day incubation study with plants growing in soil obtained from the field, which was supplied with a solution containing the three N sources, one at a time labeled with ¹⁵N. The bulk of the N demand of both species was covered by nitrate-N, which was the dominant N form in the soil at the time of the experiment. Ammonium-N was taken up less strongly, and organic N formed only a negligible part of their nutrition. The assimilated inorganic N was preferentially transported to apical meristem of the youngest leaf, while organic N remained mostly in the roots. The fast-growing Glyceria took up more N and was a better competitor vis-à-vis soil microbes for rarer N forms than Carex. However, both plants were poor competitors for N vis-à-vis soil microbes, irrespective of the N form. Microbes took up nitrate ca. five times faster and organic N more than a hundred times faster than plants. Correspondingly, the calculated turnover time of microbial N was 17 days, compared to 40 days for N in plant roots. A significant amount of added ¹⁵N was found at non-exchangeable sites in the soil, which points to the importance of microbial N transformation and abiotic N fixation for N retention in soil. In summary, the preferential assimilation of inorganic N by the wetland plants studied here and their poor ability to compete for N with soil microbes over the short term agree with the results of studies carried out with other species from temperate grasslands.     

科尔沁沙地坨甸交错区土壤水分的空间变异规律

科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸相间地区,地貌形态多样、土地利用类型众多,从而导致土壤水分空间分布的复杂性。通过对科尔沁沙地典型沙丘-草甸相间地区的调查取样与试验分析,运用统计学理论和方法,研究土壤水分的空间变异性及其空间分布规律。结果表明：水平方向上,土壤水分总体表现为草甸地大于沙丘地,过渡带介于两者之间。就草甸地而言,植物生长越好,其土壤水分越高,保水持水性能也越好;沙丘地则与之相反,植被最稀疏的流动沙丘,其土壤含水量大于半流动半固定沙丘与固定沙丘,且有良好的储水条件。垂向上,高覆盖草甸、低覆盖草甸和农田（草甸）土壤含水量在地表下0～40 cm波动最大,40～160 cm随深度增加而递增;流动沙丘、半流动沙丘和固定沙丘土壤含水量随深度增加呈微弱加大趋势。林地、撂荒地、农田（沙丘）变化程度居中。从空间分布看,研究区中东部土壤水分偏大,且向南北两侧区域递减。     

石灰联合碳铵熏蒸对连作香蕉生长和根际微生物群落结构的影响

摘 要：由于长期连作导致香蕉枯萎病大量爆发,造成香蕉种植面积锐减,已严重影响海南香蕉产业的发展,因而急需寻求能够缓解或克服香蕉连作障碍的有效措施。本实验旨在探究使用绿色土壤熏蒸剂对长期连作蕉园的香蕉枯萎病的防控效果,特别是对植株生长发育、土壤化学性质和根际微生物区系的影响。田间试验共设置两个处理：石灰碳铵熏蒸处理（LAB）和对照处理（CK）。结果表明: LAB处理可以显著降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,与CK处理相比两季分别降低40%和46.62%,显著增加香蕉亩产量,与CK处理相比两季分别增产45.56%和75.99%。LAB处理可以显著提高土壤pH,改善土壤酸化,使酸性土壤维持中性水平,同时,增加土壤有机质含量,并且显著提高土壤速效磷（两季分别提高28.33%和89.14%）和速效钾含量（23.92%和38.67%）。并且LAB处理明显改变香蕉根际微生物群落结构,可以显著降低变形菌门和子囊菌门相对丰度,显著增加放线菌门等相对丰度,同时显著降低病原菌镰刀菌属相对丰度,并且显著提高部分土壤拮抗菌属的相对丰度,如链霉菌属、红球菌属和曲霉属。因此,石灰碳铵熏蒸有效改善香蕉根际微生物群落结构,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生并促进其植株生长。     

临泽盐碱荒地种植紫花苜蓿的农业技术措施

经过几年的生产实践认为，在草甸盐土和普通盐土呈复区域相邻分布的荒地上，先通过工程措施冲洗淋盐，深沟排水，降低地下水位，使含盐量下降到7％，种植紫花苜蓿时，除遵循其栽培的一般技术措施外，应特别注意精细整地、施有机肥、草种选择、适期播种和增大播量等5个问题。     

生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生'瓦里短枝'(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K2O 420 kg·hm-2)、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2)、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2+K2O 294 kg·hm-2)、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm...     

连作对新疆绿洲棉田土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

对新疆绿洲棉田不同连作年限棉花根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性及土壤理化性质进行研究,结果表明:(1)随着连作年限的延长,细菌数量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,真菌数量则一直在增加,放线菌趋势不明显,说明新疆绿洲棉田土壤在连作一定年限后,棉田土壤由细菌型向真菌型转变;(2)脲酶和蛋白酶活性随连作年限增加表现出先增加后减少趋势;蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性与连作年限关系不明显;(3)对微生物数量、土壤酶和土壤理化性质的相关性分析表明,脲酶和蛋白酶与细菌数量呈现良好的正相关性,其中脲酶的相关性最好,呈极显著水平(ρ＜0.01),蛋白酶呈显著水平(ρ＜0.05);土壤酶与放线菌和真菌之间没有明显的相关性;细菌数量与有机质、全氮和速效氮之间呈显著正相关,与总盐含量呈显著负相关.