Compatible measurements of volumetric soil water content using a neutron probe and Diviner 2000 after field calibration

Field calibrations for a neutron probe and a capacitance sensor (Diviner 2000) for measuring the soil water content of a shrinking–swelling clay soil were substantially different from commonly used default values. Using our field calibrations, the two instruments estimated similar changes in the cumulative water content of a soil profile (0–1 m depth) over one growing season.     

鹰咀豆品比研究

本文从世界热带半干旱作物研究中心“ＣＩＣＲＩＳＡＴ”引入鹰咀豆（ＣｉｃｅｒａｒｉｔｉｎｕｍＬ．）品种材料１１２份，在引种筛选的基础上筛选出１７个优秀品种材料，进一步作了品比试验，得到：Ａ３、Ａ２１、Ｂ５、Ｂ７、Ｂ１０、Ｃ１、Ｄ４、Ｄ５８个引入品种。它们抗性强，植株发育生长良好，分枝多，结英率高，种子在甘肃河西走廊可完全成熟，百粒重、籽实产量等均显著地优于当地品种。可在甘肃部分干旱半干旱地区示范性推广，丰富种质资源。     

新疆水土保持情况调查

新疆水土保持情况调查郭廷辅，佟伟力（水利部水土保持司，北京１００７６１）我们于１９９４年８月１１日至２６日对新疆伊犁、和田、喀什、吐鲁番、昌吉、乌鲁木齐等６个地区（州、市）的１１个县（市）、两个流域的水土流失情况和开展治理工作做了典型调查。同时，也对...     

In situ radiometric mapping of soil erosion and field-moist bulk density on cultivated fields

Abstract. Recent developments in in situγ ray spectrometry offer a new approach to measuring the activity of radionuclides such as ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K in soils, and thus estimating erosion or deposition rates and field moist bulk density (ρ_m). Such estimates would be rapid and involve minimal site disturbance, especially important where archaeological remains are present. This paper presents the results of a pilot investigation of an eroded field in Scotland in which a portable hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was used to measure γ ray spectra in situ. The gamma (γ) photon flux observed at the soil surface is a function of the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, its depth distribution characteristics and ρ_m. A coefficient, Q_Cs, derived from the forward scattering of ¹³⁷Cs γ ray photons within the soil profile relative to the ¹³⁷Cs full energy peak (662 keV), was used to correct the in situ calibration for changes in the ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution in the ploughed field, a function of tillage, soil accumulation and ρ_m. Based on only 8 measurements, the agreement between in situγ ray spectrometry and soil sample measurements of ¹³⁷Cs inventories improved from a non significant r²=0.05 to a significant r²=0.62 (P<0.05). Erosion and deposition rates calculated from the corrected in situ¹³⁷Cs measurements had a similarly good agreement with those calculated from soil cores. Mean soil bulk density was also calculated using a separate coefficient, Q_K, derived from the forward scattering γ photons from ⁴⁰K within the soil relative to the ⁴⁰K full energy peak (1460 keV). Again there was good agreement with soil core measurements (r²=0.64; P<0.05). The precision of the in situ¹³⁷Cs measurement was limited by the precision with which Q_Cs can be estimated, a function of the low ¹³⁷Cs deposition levels associated with the weapons testing fallout and relatively low detector efficiency (35%). In contrast, the precision of the in situ ρ_m determination was only limited by the spatial variability associated with soil sampling.     

杉木第二代种子园子代测定效果分析

本文对福建省官庄林场杉木第二代种子园自由授粉子代试验林树高、胸径和材积等生长性状进行了研究。子代测定结果表明，参试家系间的效应显著；利用方差分析的结果，估算了杉木树高、胸径和材积的家系遗传力和单株遗传力，并以１０％、２０％的选择强度估算出杉木的遗传增益值。通过分析得出杉木各生长性状间有较高的相关性。依材积选择出４６个优良家系，用作造林，４年生时估计其遗传增益可达４１．３７％～５１．３７％。     

柳沟灌区的盐碱土改良

农七师车排子垦区柳沟灌区,原有柳沟一、二、三场,面积59万余亩。由于盐碱危害,生产状况和经济状况日益恶化,难以自立。在60年代初,与原25团合并,成为现今的125团的三个营,近年来进行大规模的盐碱土改良工作,取得了显著的效果。基本情况改良效果的观测主要在二营(原柳沟三场)进行,二营面积10.67万亩,可耕地8.85万亩,位于灌区南部、天山北麓,奎屯河与四棵树之间。区内由南向北倾斜,地势低平,坡降1-3‰,土壤多为粉粒中壤和重壤,1-2米以下,广泛分布着红棕色粘土层,因而地下水迳流呈封闭状态,极其不畅,主要靠地面蒸发和植物蒸腾维持平衡。地下水埋深1-1.5米;低洼区接近地面。矿化度20-30克/升,最高达88.45克/升。高矿化与高水位成为土壤盐渍化迅速发展的根本原因。     

Re-defining tillage erosion: quantifying intensity–direction relationships for complex terrain

Abstract. Current tillage erosion models account for the influence of tillage direction in the magnitude of the soil (tillage) transport coefficient. It is argued here that this is counter-intuitive and causes significant problems in modelling tillage erosion in areas of complex terrain. This article examines whether a re-modelling of tillage erosion is possible that separates tillage direction (an interaction with the landform) from the soil transport coefficient (a measure of tillage intensity representing the combination of implement erosivity and soil erodibility). Experimental data for mouldboard ploughing upslope, downslope and cross-slope at Coombe Barton Farm, Devon are examined. Integration of data for all directions into a single relationship, which relates translocation in the direction of tillage to slope in the direction of tillage and translocation perpendicular to tillage to slope perpendicular to tillage, is not possible using previously published methods of analysis. However, when total translocation distance is regressed against the tangent of the slope at 45° to the tillage direction (bisecting the tillage direction and the direction of overturning) it is found that a single relationship can be used to describe tillage in all three directions. Therefore, this relationship is used to determine a single value of the soil transport coefficient ( k _fTa) for constant soil and implement conditions but different tillage directions. This redefinition of tillage is important both for true estimation of tillage erosion severity, the adirectional coefficient being 40% larger than the directional coefficient, and for modelling of tillage erosion in complex terrain. These improvements are vital when tillage erosion simulation is used to direct soil conservation strategies.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

提高湖南省杂交棉种质量水平的商榷

在市场经济迅速发展、种子生产、流通量不断增加和加入WTO的新形势下，充分提高湖南省棉种的质量水平，推动棉种产业化的健康发展，对农民增收、农村稳定具有重大的现实意义。本文简要介绍了提高湖南棉种质量水平的紧迫性和可行性。在此基础上提出了提高棉种质量水平促进产业化发展的几点建议。