2014年6-8月气候条件对长江中下游地区淡水家鱼与蟹类养殖的影响

2014年6—8月我国出现"北旱南涝"的气候格局,这种气候条件对长江中下游地区淡水家鱼和蟹类的生长十分有利。该文分析了这种气候条件形成的原因,针对长江中下游地区农田鱼塘家鱼及阳澄湖和太湖大闸蟹的养殖模式,重点阐述了这种气候条件对其的有利影响。此外,针对2014年阳澄湖大闸蟹销售疲软的情况,提出将阳澄湖大闸蟹由江苏省品牌农产品商标提升为全国性农产品商标的建议。     

一次短时暴雨天气过程及短时临近预报分析

利用常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达回波资料对2014年7月4日发生在湖州德清的短时暴雨天气过程进行了分析,结果显示:在大尺度天气背景下,辅以精细化的数值预报产品,降水云团的移动发展可通过外推预报技术进行预报,预报员可提前1~2 h对此次短时暴雨过程作出预警,提高这类局地强对流天气临近预报的准确率。     

我国畜禽养殖业污染的经济学分析(英文)

介绍了我国畜禽养殖业对水体、农田土壤、大气的污染。分析了畜禽养殖业对环境的污染加剧的经济原因。并针对畜禽养殖业污染提出了一系列防治的经济政策。分别采用对农村资源产权进行界定、采取各种环境经济激励手段及发展循环畜牧业。     

规模养猪场粪便堆肥处理生命周期评价实例分析

以北京郊区某规模化养猪场现有堆肥系统为例,运用生命周期评价方法,以养猪场现行堆肥工艺为参比,以4种不同翻堆频率条件下的条垛式堆肥工艺作为备选方案,对该养猪场粪便不同堆肥处理情景的环境影响进行系统对比分析。结果表明,每处理1 t新鲜猪粪的化石能源损耗潜力为80.8~221.5 MJ;堆肥氨挥发排放对系统总酸化效应和富营养化效应贡献率均达96%以上;CO2和N2O等温室气体排放对总温室效应的贡献分别为58%~88%和8%~35%。能源投入和气体排放是猪粪堆肥生命周期环境影响的关键因素,实践生产中应注重使用清洁能源,并结合工艺特点采用氨挥发与温室气体减排技术,减少堆肥生产过程的环境污染。     

10个烤烟品种间的腺毛密度比较研究

以相同栽培条件下的10个烤烟品种为试验材料,在光学显微镜下对烤烟腺毛的数量和分布进行了统计分析。结果表明,长柄腺毛是烤烟叶片中的优势腺毛,在腺毛总体中的比例（69.5%～90.5%）远高于短柄腺毛（9.5%～30.5%）,对叶片腺毛总体密度的影响最大,而短柄腺毛因数量稳定也能反映品种特征。烤烟上、下表皮的腺毛密度差异极显著（F=41.053,P<0.01）,下表皮的腺毛密度较大,其变异系数（0.14）和全表皮腺毛密度一致,更能反映出品种的腺毛密度特征;短柄腺毛的密度除K326和‘吉烟7号’外都是上表皮密度大于下表皮,差异显著（F=6.466,P<0.05）,反映出上表皮的腺毛发育较早。按照全表皮的腺毛密度平均值10个品种的排列顺序是：吉烟7号>中烟90>K346>87414>云烟85 > 8021> NC82> G28> RG11>K326,烤烟腺毛密度特征具有品种差异,但受环境条件影响较大,可做为局部地区内的烤烟品种筛选指标之一。     

徐州市2013年杂交稻五(2)代褐飞虱短翅型重发原因分析

针对2013年度五(2)代褐飞虱短翅型在徐州市杂交稻上的发生特点,分析出短翅型成虫比例高的原因主要与其本身的生物学特性、寄主条件、气候条件等密切相关;另外还讨论了影响短翅型成虫分化的相关因素。     

不同养殖模式对驼背鲈生长的影响

采用相同的饵料,分别在工厂化流水车间和池塘的网箱中放养全长(13.50±0.88)cm,体质量(31.78±7.73)g的驼背鲈各500尾,1年后,车间养殖的驼背鲈全长增至(25.71±1.65)cm,体质量为(260.05±45.99)g;池塘养殖的驼背鲈全长为(26.89±1.90)cm,体质量为(330.00±44.91)g。结果表明,驼背鲈在池塘网箱中的生长速度快于在工厂化流水车间网箱中的生长速度(P0.05)。     

重庆市万州区山羊规模养殖疫病防控

文章以重庆市万州区为例,总结南方农区肉用山羊规模养殖疫病发生情况、发病特点及其与环境的关系,并提出综合防控措施,以期提高养殖效益。     

注灌施肥对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量及土壤水分的影响

在榆中县旱作区全膜双垄沟播栽培下,观察了不同注灌施肥处理对玉米产量及土壤水分含量的影响。结果表明,不同水肥条件对玉米产量均有一定的影响。基施N 180.00 kg/hm2、P2O5120.00 kg/hm2、ZnSO47.50 kg/hm2、K2O 30.00 kg/hm2,拔节期和大喇叭口期各注水30 m3/hm2处理下玉米折合产量最高,为14157.6 kg/hm2。玉米抽雄期0～60 cm土层含水量各处理变化趋势相同,均表现为0～20 cm土层含水量较高,20～60 cm土层含水量相对较低,且相互间无明显差异。注水对水分利用效率的影响不显著。     

Why are simple control options for Toxocara vitulorum not being implemented by cattle and buffalo smallholder farmers in South-East Asia?

Toxocara vitulorum infection in large ruminants is endemic in many tropical countries and particularly in South-East Asia. A single treatment of calves with pyrantel at 14–21 days of age effectively controls the parasite. Despite this treatment being readily available, T. vitulorum infection remains common and widespread. To understand drivers of effective control of T. vitulorum infection, we examined treatment practices and knowledge of smallholder farmers of this parasite plus determined annual calf morbidity and mortality and identified potential risk factors for these estimates. Interviews were conducted with 273 smallholder farmers who had calves tested for T. vitulorum 4–6 months earlier. Reproductive rates of 0.6 and 0.4 calf per annum in cattle and buffalo respectively, and annual calf morbidity and mortality of 42.6% (CI 0.38–0.47) and 37.3% (CI 0.33–0.42) respectively, were identified. Interviewed farmers had either none (80.6%) or only minimal (19.4%) knowledge about T. vitulorum and only 2.5% of the farmers treated their calves for T. vitulorum using the recommended control regime. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with random effects showed that the number of adult cattle per household, T. vitulorum infection status of the household herd and farmer knowledge of T. vitulorum were significantly associated with calf morbidity and mortality. Financial analysis using partial budgeting showed a net benefit of USD 3.69, 7.46, 11.09 or 14.86 per calf when treating calves with pyrantel and attributing 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% of morbidity and mortality to T. vitulorum infection. The study identified that poor reproduction, high calf morbidity and mortality combined with very limited farmer knowledge and effective control of endemic Toxocariasis, contribute to suboptimal large ruminant production in mixed smallholder farming systems in South-East Asia. The large net benefit per calf achievable by a single pyrantel treatment should drive implementation of this intervention by smallholder farmers, especially as demand for livestock products continues to increase in this region and forces a change to more production oriented farming. To support this, continued capacity building that ensures knowledge transfer of best practice T. vitulorum control to smallholder farmers is required.