Evaluation of clogging effects on nonwoven geotextile filters by negative-ion treatment

Clogging effects on nonwoven geotextile filters can reduce the drainage capacity of vertical drainage materials installed in clay deposits. The preceding clogging retention improvement can be increased if the nonwoven geotextile filter is treated by negative ion material in accordance to the knowledge that fine soil particle is negatively charged material. In this study, column tests were conducted to examine the effects of negative-ion treatment by using various types of ion-treated nonwoven geotextile filters. It was found that the negative ion treatment gave apparent increase of drainage capacity after long time as describe on this paper. Clogging effects of two nonwoven geotextile filters treated by negative ion (10 %; NI-10 and 20 %; NI-20) were compared to non-ion treated one (control) by long term filtration test. Finally, the highest drainage capacity was obtained by NI-20 followed by NI-10.     

Simulation of nitrate leaching under irrigated maize on sandy soil in desert oasis in Inner Mongolia, China

Water scarcity and nitrate contamination in groundwater are serious problems in desert oases in Northwest China. Field and ¹⁵N microplot experiments with traditional and improved water and nitrogen management were conducted in a desert oasis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Water movement, nitrogen transport and crop growth were simulated by the soil-plant system with water and solute transport model (SPWS). The model simulation results, including the water content and nitrate concentration in the soil profile, leaf area index, dry matter weight, crop N uptake and grain yield, were all in good agreement with the field measurements. The water and nitrogen use efficiency of the improved treatment were better than those of the traditional treatment. The water and nitrogen use efficiency under the traditional treatment were 2.0 kg m⁻³ and 21 kg kg⁻¹, respectively, while under the improved treatment, they were 2.2 kg m⁻³ and 26 kg kg⁻¹, respectively. Water drainage accounted for 24-35% of total water input (rainfall and irrigation) for the two treatments. Nitrogen loss by ammonia volatilization and denitrification was less than 5% of the total N input (including the N comes from irrigation). However, 32-61% of total nitrogen input was lost through nitrate leaching, which agreed with the ¹⁵N isotopic result. It is impetrative to improve the water and nitrogen management in the desert oasis.     

Evaluation of impact of Khushab sub surface pipe drainage project in Pakistan

This paper describes the essential contents of research at a recently completed subsurface pipe drainage project located in the Khushab district of Pakistan. The paper explores the need and decision by Government of Pakistan to install a Sub Surface Pipe Drainage Project near Khushab where an old Surface Drainage System was already installed by the Provincial Irrigation and Power Department, Government of Punjab, Pakistan, since 1960. The new Sub Surface Pipe Drainage Project’s planning and executing agency M/S Euro-Consultant used existing Surface Drains with remodeling for to carry the additional drainage effluent of newly constructed sump pumps of the pipe drainage system connected to the old drains by means of small outfall drains. Until now the new system is working well in lowering the water table as well as increasing the agro-socio-economic status of the local population.     

暗管排水对油葵地土壤脱盐及水分生产效率的影响

为了建立宁夏惠农区庙台乡给予太阳能水泵抽水的暗管排水工程的灌溉排水制度,以油葵为研究对象,设暗管排水和非暗管排水2个处理,观测分析了暗管排水对田间土壤含盐量、地下水位和产量等的影响。结果表明,在油葵生育期内,与进行暗管排水前相比,暗管排水使暗管排水区的地下水水位降低0.09 m,降幅6.21%;地下水矿化度降低9.79%;土壤含盐量降低13.64%;与非暗管排水区相比,暗管排水区的油葵增产8.10%,灌溉水生产效率增加8.40%,群体水分生产效率增加9.86%。     

宁夏银北灌区排水暗管土工布外包料透水与防淤堵性能

有效地阻止排水暗管被淤堵又能保持其稳定的透水性,是暗管排水应用中亟需解决的问题。为了深入理解排水暗管土工布外包料透水与防淤堵性能,该研究选取了常用的7种土工布,其中3种纺黏聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)无纺布,4种热熔纺黏丝无纺布,并对其中一种布进行亲水剂浸泡处理。以宁夏银北灌区土壤为例,基于室内土柱试验,依据达西定律,分析不同土工布防护措施下系统的流量衰减过程、土工布的保土能力以及防淤堵性能,并对比分析了亲水处理后土工布的反滤效果。结果表明,在排水初期,土体和土工布的渗透性下降,导致系统的排水流量持续变小,土体渗透性的变化会成为影响流量变化的主导因素,对流量衰减有75%以上的贡献度。土工布在亲水处理后,整体排流量提高了15%左右,其保土能力和防淤堵效果处理前后变化不大。针对该土质,热熔纺黏丝无纺布的反滤效果要明显好于纺黏PP无纺布。试验筛选出了适合该地区土壤特性的土工布,为相似土质地区暗管外包料的选择和处理方式提供了理论依据与技术支撑。     

干旱地区排盐暗管优化布局关键参数研究

为探究干旱地区暗管配合淋洗的排盐效果及关键影响因素,该研究在新疆焉耆盆地布置了暗管排盐试验,研究淋洗前后土壤剖面的水盐变化规律和不同淋洗定额下相同暗管布局的暗管排水排盐量差异,结合正交试验分析方法研究暗管布局参数中影响土壤脱盐率的显著因素,并分析淋洗定额与暗管布局参数对土壤脱盐率的交互影响。结果表明:1)暗管排水后,土壤剖面含水率明显增大,表层平均含水率由0.20增加为0.30cm~3/cm~3,含盐量不同程度减小,表层平均盐量由10减少为5g/kg;2)暗管排水流量呈现先迅速增大,后缓慢减小的规律,而暗管排水电导率则在排水过程中无明显变化,且淋洗定额越大,暗管排水排盐量越大;3)暗管间距和埋深是影响脱盐率的显著因素(P分别小于0.05和0.01),而管径则对脱盐率无显著性影响;淋洗定额越大,土壤脱盐率越大,且在较大淋洗定额差异条件下,淋洗定额和暗管布局参数对土壤脱盐率无交互影响。研究结果表明,对于干旱地区暗管排盐工程布置,合适的埋深和间距很重要,淋洗定额也是影响脱盐效果的关键因素。考虑节约水资源和节省工程造价,研究区合适暗管埋深为1.4 m,间距为8 m,管径为90mm,此时采用300mm的淋洗定额进行冬灌,即可以满足36%的目标脱盐率。研究结果可以为干旱地区暗管合理布局选择提供依据。     

盐碱化改良区农田排水沟水体与底泥界面微环境特征分析

深入探究农田排水沟水体与底泥界面微环境对界面间物质交换和迁移转化具有重要意义,为了明确不同水力联系的排水沟界面微环境特征,该研究利用微电极测量系统对陕西卤泊滩盐碱化改良区和盐荒地2种水力条件差异较大的排水沟水体与底泥界面微环境进行了研究。结果表明:改良区与盐荒地排水沟水体水质指标和底泥含水率、有机质、硫酸盐含量等方面均存在不同程度的差异,底泥含水率自表层向下逐渐减小;改良区与盐荒地底泥氧气最大渗透深度分别为10.2和2.6 mm,扩散边界层厚度分别为0.4~0.8 mm和0.2~0.4 mm;改良区排水沟底泥硫化氢浓度小于10μmol/L,而盐荒地高至178μmol/L。研究结果可为研究区及类似地区利用排水沟渠湿地控制和治理农业面源污染、改善农田生态环境提供参考。     

基于人工神经网络的城市给水管网宏观模型设计

为实现城市给水的调度优化,提高给水工作的可靠性,探讨了神经网络方法在给水管网模型设计中的适用性,应用人工神经网络的方法建立了城市给水管网的宏观模型,并用训练好的模型对未来时刻的测压点压力进行宏观模拟。通过实测对比,利用该模型进行模拟的各项误差指标均达到了较高的要求,充分说明了用神经网络的方法设计城市给水管网宏观模型的可行性以及该模型用于压力模拟的可靠性。     

城市浅水湖泊沉积物与上覆水之间磷的行为研究

磷是湖泊富营养化的限制性营养元素。分析了磷的形态,综述了湖泊沉积物与上覆水之间磷的生物循环和磷的吸附与解吸等行为,并总结出磷的行为规律。另外还针对城市浅水湖泊的特点,对磷在湖泊沉积物与上覆水之间行为的主要影响因素进行了阐述。