不同毛沟布置方式下农田次降雨氮素流失特性分析

为了研究田间工程对农田氮素随径流流失的影响,该文通过设置不同排水毛沟布置方式下农田对比试验,观测研究了农田出口的降雨径流特征以及氮素流失特征,结果表明：与毛沟布置多的处理相比,毛沟布置少的处理径流对雨强变化敏感度相对较小,其径流峰值滞后,且高峰径流量持续时间长,但总氮输出负荷减少7.44%;2个处理之间铵态氮和硝态氮的流失量均差异显著;在径流初始及峰值阶段铵态氮占总氮的比例显著高于径流消减阶段,硝态氮的比例全过程变化不大;硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮的输出负荷与径流量呈线性正相关。研究表明：汇水面积小,毛沟布置多的处理减少农田涝渍效果明显,而汇水面积大,毛沟布置少的处理能有效降低总氮的输出负荷。     

漳河灌区农田地表排水中磷素流失特征分析

:为了揭示农田面源污染的机理及其成因,该文选取湖北省漳河灌区的典型试验田作为试验对象,在田间试验结果进行分析的基础上,研究了水稻和玉米2种作物在不同处理方式下农田排水磷素流失的影响因子及其规律。试验结果表明,降雨强度、作物类型、农业耕作管理方式（包括灌溉施肥方式等）是农田磷素流失的主要影响因素;另外,土壤物理化学特性和地形地势等也在一定程度上影响农田磷素的流失。     

2BMMD-4型夏棉精量免耕播种机的设计与试验

鉴于黄淮海麦棉轮作区土层深厚和根茬量大、韧性强的特点,以及免耕播种机作业要求,设计了2BMMD-4型棉花精量免耕播种机,能一次实现破茬、开沟、防堵、施肥、播种、覆土及镇压等功能。该机具具有独特的苗带清理及作业防堵、播种深度调节以及作业仿形功能。同时,利用SolidWorks以及ANSYS软件对2BMMD-4型免耕播种机的苗带浅旋装置进行了模态分析。结果表明,该机刀轴在设计转速下对应的频率远小于各阶固有频率,不容易发生共振。田间试验表明,该播种机作业性能达到了设计要求。     

水稻高留茬免机翻浅机耕保护性耕作浅析

文章通过对水稻高留茬免机翻浅机耕保护性耕作技术的阐述,为广大农户提供了一项实用的科学水田种植技术的可行性和操作性进行了充分阐述,值得水田种植户借鉴。     

基于因子分析的TOPSIS法改进对浅层地下水综合评价

地下水综合评价是一种兼具绝对性、相对性和多指标性的一种综合评价法,在评价过程中存在相关性或多重共线性问题。先通过因子分析来克服相关性或多重共线性,再通过对TOPSIS方法的改进和拓展(加权欧氏距离平方的TOPSIS法)来达到兼具绝对性与相对性综合评价的要求,可以使评价结果更为客观。以福建省晋江市浅层地下水为验证研究区来阐述评价方法的实施过程和效果,并通过地统计法中的Kriging插值实现评价结果可视化。评价结果显示晋江市浅层地下水水质整体处于良好水平,可为合理保护和利用浅层地下水提供决策依据。     

改进暗管排水结构型式对排水性能的影响

提出一种占用耕地少、排水流量较常规暗排大且环境友好的改进暗排。基于室内土柱试验,分析改进暗排在地表积水、土体饱和条件下的排水除涝性能及其机理,提出地表积水土体饱和入渗条件下改进暗排排水流量的理论计算公式。结果表明,改进暗排可以有效提高暗管排水能力,试验条件下,反滤体宽度为2~6 cm的改进暗排在自由出流条件下的排水流量为常规暗排排水流量的2~3倍;积水层深度相同时,改进暗排排水性能随反滤体宽度的增加而增大,但增幅逐渐减小;土体介质和反滤体的渗透系数差别越大,改进暗排的排水作用越明显。理论方法计算结果与试验结果相吻合,证明提出的理论计算公式是合理可行的。     

Practice to avoid contamination of drainflow and runoff from slurry spreading in spring

Abstract. Use of either three or six occasions to spread similar total amounts of slurry was investigated over the late winter/early spring period in two years, on plots with underdrainage. Slurry was spread on four 7 m by 25 m plots which were instrumented to allow collection of drainflow and runoff. The 'mobile water' pore space allowed transport of a small proportion of applied slurry through the 0.75 m soil profile. Evidence of a polluted 'mobile water' pulse occurred after periods of up to 48 hours following spreading, suggesting subsurface rather than overland flow. Timing of the pulse depended on whether subsequent rainfall accelerated the flow The contaminated flow persisted for 6–12 hours. The worst contamination of 39 mg/l NH₄⁺ -N occurred under 'bypass flow' conditions, when 52 mm of rain fell during the 48 hours after a 5.2 mm application. Two contributory factors appeared important. The first was the long duration of the high intensity storm and the second was an extended period of severe frost believed to have created fissures associated with frost heave. Making several applications of slurry in amounts less than 35 m³/ha is preferable to fewer larger applications during spring, for cereals on medium to heavy soils. This recognises the likelihood of there being underdrainage on arable land and the optimal use of well-drained, partially frozen ground to avoid compaction by slurry tankers.     

Strategies for reducing subsurface drainage in irrigated agriculture through improved irrigation

The traditional approach ofinstalling subsurface drainage systems tosolve shallow ground water problems is notfeasible along the west side of the SanJoaquin Valley of California because of thelack of drain water disposal methods thatare economical, technically feasible, andenvironmentally friendly. Thus, optionssuch as drainage reduction through improvedirrigation and drain water reuse are beingexamined as methods for coping with thesubsurface drainage problem. This paperdiscusses options for reducing subsurfacedrainage through improved irrigationpractices. Options are discussed forimproving irrigation system design such asupgrading existing irrigation methods andconverting to systems with higher potentialirrigation efficiencies. Methods forimproving water management are alsopresented. Case studies on upgradingexisting systems or converting to otherirrigation methods are presented along with study results of the effect of variouspolicies on reducing subsurface drainage.     

工业生产系统环境污染治理理念的探讨

随着世界经济的发展，地球环境日趋恶化。为了人类的生存和发展，必须实施可持续发展战略。文章在分析工业生产系统环境污染产生的原因和过程末端治理弊端的基础上，提出了从源头治理环境污染的理念——宏观上依据热力学第二定律，在中观上采用工业生态学原理，在微观上实施绿色制造和清洁生产，即从客观上运用熵、工业生态学、清洁生产和绿色制造的理论调配资源，组织工业企业，进行生产。最后对排灌机械的可持续发展战略的实施进行了探讨。     

Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain

Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain.