Assessing opportunity and relocation costs of marine protected areas using a behavioural model of longline fleet dynamics

Increasing use of spatial management tools in fisheries requires an understanding of fleet response, and in particular to where displaced fishing effort is likely to move. We develop a state‐dependent decision‐making model to address the spatial allocation of effort in an Australian tuna longline fishery. We assume that fishers have an economic objective in deciding where to fish, but that decisions in any period are also influenced by the remaining quota held at the time of the decision. Key features of the model include endogenous price dynamics, a moving stock and a competitive pool of different vessel types operating from different port locations. We utilize this model to illustrate fleet responses to marine reserves and limits on fishing effort. The results illustrate that the model framework provides advantages over statistically based models in that decisions made in response to the imposition of a reserve are not consistent with a proportional reallocation of effort. Rather, the stochastic dynamic model yielded an overall profit level of ～4% higher relative to scenarios with no reserve. Incorporating the opportunity cost of a quota into the model resulted in an optimal utilization of effort, in which effort was concentrated in time periods and locations yielding maximized profit. Under a low level of effort relative to the season length, the model indicated an overall profit level 43% greater than the highest obtained when the same level of effort was applied solely within any given quarter of the season.     

镉在海藻中的化学形态

利用化学试剂逐步提取法研究了紫菜、海带、裙带菜和羊栖菜中镉的存在化学形态。研究结果表明:镉以多种化学形态存在于4种海藻中,1 mol/L氯化钠提取态镉和 2% 醋酸提取态的镉所占比例较大,两者约占总镉含量的76.3%～92.9%。0.6 mol/L盐酸提取态、去离子水提取态和80%乙醇提取态镉所占比例较小,其中乙醇提取态(离子态镉)约仅占总镉含量的0.4%～9.2%,且对于4种海藻,紫菜中的离子态镉所占比例最低(均小于1%)。实验进一步证实以海藻中总镉含量作为检测标准不能准确反映海藻及其制品的食用安全性,因此亟需建立海藻中针对毒性较强的离子态镉的检测标准限量和快速有效的检测方法,以保障我国海藻产业和出口创汇经济的顺利发展。     

FSWM: A hybrid fuzzy-stochastic water-management model for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty

A hybrid fuzzy-stochastic water-management (FSWM) model is developed for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty, based on advancement of a multistage fuzzy-stochastic quadratic programming (MFSQP) approach. In MFSQP, uncertainties presented in terms of fuzziness and randomness can be incorporated within a multilayer scenario tree, such that revised decisions are permitted in each time period based on the realized values of the uncertain events. Moreover, fuzzy quadratic terms are used in the objective function to minimize the variation of satisfaction degrees among the constraints; it allows an increased flexibility in controlling the system risk in the optimization process. Results of the case study indicate that useful solutions for the planning of agricultural water management have been obtained. In the FSWM model, a number of policies for agricultural water supply are conducted. The results obtained can help decision makers to identify desired water-allocation schemes for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty, particularly when limited water resources are available for multiple competing users.     

不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长及土壤磷素组分特征的影响

通过盆栽试验及Hedley土壤磷素分组法研究了海南省玄武岩发育砖红壤上施用不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长的影响及土壤磷素组分变化。磷肥处理分别为不施磷处理、施用昆阳磷矿粉100 mg/kg(以全P计,下同)、施用昆阳磷矿粉250 mg/kg和施用普通过磷酸钙100 mg/kg。结果表明:施用磷矿粉和普通过磷酸钙均显著增加了橡胶树幼苗干物重、株高、茎粗和吸磷总量,但高磷矿粉处理和普通过磷酸钙处理橡胶树幼苗叶片磷含量显著降低;高磷矿粉处理取得了与普通过磷酸钙相当的肥效;磷矿粉施用后,土壤树脂提取态磷(Resin-P)、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷(NaHCO_3-Pi)、氢氧化钠提取态无机磷(NaOH-Pi)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-P)和残余态磷(Residual-P)等组分含量均显著增加,但碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷(NaHCO_3-Po)和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)不受施磷影响;干物质重和吸磷总量均与土壤Resin-P、NaHCO_3-Pi和Na OH-Pi呈显著的正相关关系;磷矿粉施用11个月后,平均33.1%磷矿粉溶解在土壤中,平均43.5%的磷矿粉残留在土壤Residual-P组分中。为改善玄武岩发育砖红壤上有效磷及橡胶树磷素营养状况,应选择施用高活性磷矿粉以降低磷矿粉颗粒被大量包被的风险。     

饲料用秸秆丝化多频快速压缩成型工艺参数优化

为了进一步探明丝化后干玉米秸秆压缩成型的最佳工艺参数,利用WDW-200微机控制电子式万能试验机,以秸秆含水率、最大压缩力(能够压缩成型的最小压缩力)、压缩次数和压缩速度为影响因子,对饲料用玉米秸秆丝化后压缩成型块的松弛比进行了二次回归旋转组合试验研究。建立并分析了4个影响因子对玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型松弛比的回归模型,并进行了验证试验。结果表明:丝化后玉米秸秆压缩成型最佳工艺条件为:含水率为7.8%~18.3%,能够成型的最小压缩力为6.22 MPa,压缩次数为2~6次,压缩速度为128~337 mm/min。在此工艺条件下,干玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型的松弛比在1.2和1.5之间,均能满足实际生产中较低能耗与生产质量的要求。该试验对压缩工艺的优化、压缩设备的研制和了解压缩成型后产品的特性具有参考意义。     

基于目标规划的履带可变形机器人结构参数设计及验证

机器人结构参数直接影响其对环境的适应能力,因此合理的结构参数设计至关重要。为更高效设计能适应障碍已知环境的机器人,该研究提出一种基于目标规划的机器人结构参数设计方法,以得到能适应该环境的结构参数最优的机器人,并开发样机进行试验验证。首先提出并设计履带可变形机器人模型,在分析机器人越障机理基础上,建立机器人能够跨越的台阶和沟壑障碍与其结构参数间的关系,并在此基础上建立履带可变形机器人的结构参数目标规划模型。利用遗传算法得到该目标规划问题的最优结构参数:履带轮半径60 mm,摆臂最大长度326 mm,机体长度290 mm,并利用Adams建立仿真模型验证了机器人对目标环境的适应性。样机试验表明机器人能够跨越160 mm高台阶和300 mm宽沟壑,证明了计算得到的结构参数的合理性,及基于目标规划的机器人结构参数设计方法的可行性。该研究可为机器人的结构参数设计提供参考。     

Copper,Zinc, and Lead Fractions in Soils Long-Term Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater

Long-term irrigation with municipal wastewater may lead, even in spite of intense farming, to an accumulation of organic matter, nutrient elements, and trace metals in soils. Excessive increases of heavy metals may pose a potential risk to the food chain and provoke restrictions for the further cultivation of sensitive crops. Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) forms in soils under long-term irrigation (for 100–120 years) with treated wastewater of Wroclaw were investigated by using selective seven-step sequential extraction (procedure of Zeien-Bruemmer) for partitioning the metals into operationally defined fractions, likely to be released in solution under various environmental conditions. The largest fraction of Cu, Pb, and particularly Zn in nonirrigated (control) soils was strongly bound in a residual form, while the percentage of exchangeable and the most labile fractions were negligible. Total concentration of metals in irrigated soils was elevated, and significant redistribution of metals among phases was observed. Percentages of residual fraction of Cu and Pb were no more than 25% (Zn < 40%), while significantly increased contribution of fractions occluded on iron (Fe) oxides and organically bound Cu. Exchangeable and readily mobile forms of Zn are predominant zinc fractions in soils irrigated with wastewater.     

基于4G网络的气调保鲜配气远程监控系统设计与试验

为提高生鲜农产品气调保鲜配气过程的精确度及自动化水平,设计了一套气调保鲜配气远程控制系统,依托嵌入的PID控制算法和质量流量控制器实现对原料气体流量、浓度和混配比的控制;以4G网络作为远程数据传输途径,选择4G DTU作为网络数据收发器,通过手机小程序实现移动客户端的远程监控功能。系统在结构上设置了气体参数感知层、数据网络传输层和控制操作应用层;基于配气系统远程监控要求,在PLC内部嵌入Modbus RTU程序,保障DTU与PLC之间的通信;使用TCP协议,使其与云服务器之间进行数据传输。根据对系统稳定性、准确性及其通信性能的测试,在配气稳定时配气体积分数平均误差绝对值在0.22%浮动,平均误差较传统方法降低了约91.67%,且配气速度提高50%左右,极大改善了配气场地的工作条件和生产效率,为进一步完善生鲜农产品气调保鲜自动化配气生产线提供了技术支持。     

滴灌施肥下水肥用量对温室土壤硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】通过水肥管理达到减少温室土壤硝态氮残留、维持土壤质量的目的,探求温室土壤硝态氮残留与水肥用量的关系。【方法】在滴灌施肥条件下,以灌水量和氮、磷、钾及有机肥用量为试验因素,根据当地日光温室番茄长季节栽培实际中的水肥用量,设计各试验因子的水肥水平,采用五元二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验。拉秧后测定耕层土壤硝态氮量,建立土壤硝态氮量与水肥因子间的数学模型,据此分析了各单因子效应及二因素的耦合效应。【结果】施氮量对土壤硝态氮残留量影响最大,施磷量、灌水量和施钾量次之,有机肥用量最小。当其他因子为0水平时,土壤硝态氮残留量随氮肥用量的增多而增加,随施磷量呈开口向上的抛物线变化,随灌水量、施钾量以及有机肥用量呈开口向下的抛物线变化。灌水量及氮、磷、钾和有机肥用量对土壤硝态氮残留产生的影响程度随其他因子的水平而变,存在明显交互作用。模型寻优显示:灌水量455.1～471.5 mm,施氮量532.3～586.5 kg/hm2,施磷量420.8～466.4 kg/hm2,施钾量646.1～723.5 kg/hm2,有机肥用量25.6～27.9 t/hm2,耕层土壤硝态氮量可维持在100～150 mg/kg的较低水平。【结论】温室菜地土壤硝态氮残留量相对较大,可以通过优化水肥用量来减少土壤硝态氮的残留,故在滴灌施肥条件下仍需严格控制水肥用量。     

土壤类型对优先流路径和磷形态影响的定量评价

以中国贡嘎山由青灰色砂质冰水堆积物发育而成的疏松岩性土壤和德国厄尔士山渍水土壤优先流路径为研究对象,通过野外染色示踪试验和改进的Hedley磷形态提取法,使用优先流染色面积比和优先流程度评价指数定量评价不同类型土壤的优先流程度,通过相关关系分析进一步揭示不同土壤类型中优先流路径对磷形态分布的影响。结果表明:贡嘎山和厄尔士山优先流图片总染色面积比分别为31%和52%,厄尔士山渍水土优先流比贡嘎山疏松岩性土发育较好。贡嘎山疏松岩性土壤优先流发育程度与潜在生物可利用无机磷和有机磷贡献率显著正相关,而即时生物有效无机磷和磷灰石磷与厄尔士山渍水土壤优先流发育程度显著正相关。土壤类型影响优先流路径分布和土壤磷形态分布,从而影响土壤磷赋存状况和下游水质安全。