Assessment of nest building and social interaction behavior in mice exposed to acute social defeat stress using a three‐dimensional depth camera

Nest building is an instinctive behavior toward protection from predators, body temperature regulation, and courtship. Previously, we discovered that acute and chronic social defeat stress suppresses the onset of nest‐building behavior in male mice (C57BL/6J). Here, we analyzed nest building and other behavioral deficits induced by acute social defeat stress (ASDS). We utilized a customized cage and specifically developed observational programs for nest building, social avoidance, and other behaviors using an infrared depth camera to acquire three‐dimensional (3D) data of animal behavior (Negura system). We determined the volume of nesting materials from these 3D depth images. Mice exposed to ASDS showed increased spontaneous activities, decreased rearing, and delayed nest building; however, nest‐building activity was gradually recovered during the dark period of the 24 hr observation interval. At the endpoint following 24 hr, the ASDS and control groups showed no differences in nest volumes. Furthermore, we observed the time courses of both nest building and social avoidance behaviors and their relationship using the Negura system. Our data demonstrated a weak positive correlation between nest‐building delay and social avoidance in ASDS mice. The Negura system can observe various behaviors that reflect the effects of social defeat stress.     

中子仪测定表层土壤含水率

本文给出了用普通中子仪对表层土壤0—10cm、10—20cm和0—20cm三种层次的率定试验结果,表明用曲线关系代替直线关系后率定精度有大幅度的提高。同时也讨论了影响表层测定精度的两个特殊因素。文中还给出了用取土法和中子仪测定法的比较结果,表明中子仪法的误差可控制在允许误差范围内。     

基于GSM及单片机的汽车防盗报警系统设计

介绍了一种基于GSM网络和单片机的远距离汽车防盗报警系统.系统以单片机为控制中心,采用红外传感器实时检测防盗报警信号,然后通过GSM网络以短消息方式将汽车安全情况传送到车主的手机上,车主接收到紧急程度较高的报警信息时,可通过GSM网络发送汽车点火控制信号.     

基于DFI-RSE电子鼻传感器阵列优化的葡萄酒SO2检测

酿造过程中SO2的监控是葡萄酒产业信息化和葡萄酒品质保障的关键。针对传统SO2测定方法操作复杂、耗费时间长等问题,该研究提出基于电子鼻技术建立葡萄酒中SO2检测方法。为提高电子鼻检测性能,提出一种基于动态特征重要度-递归传感器消除（Dynamic Feature Importance-Recursive Sensor Elimination,DFI-RSE）的气体传感器阵列优化算法。将最大信息系数（Maximum Information Coefficient,MIC）作为度量变量间关系的标准,定义DFI选择兼顾高有效性与低冗余性的特征构成特征子集。进一步计算特征子集中的传感器重要度,结合RSE移除重要度较低的传感器,获得最优阵列组合。采用偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）、多层感知器（Multi-Layer Perceptron,MLP）、支持向量回归（Support Vector Regression,SVR）和贝叶斯岭回归（Bayesian Ridge Regression,BRR）对DFI-RSE优化前后阵列的检测能力进行比较。结果表明,针对间隔40 mg/L、0～200 mg/L范围内不同SO2添加量的葡萄酒样品,优化后阵列的传感器数量由原来的16个降低为8个,特征数量减少了59%,4种回归模型的决定系数均高于0.98,其中MLP模型检测效果最佳,均方根误差为7.73 mg/L,优于原始阵列且节省了运行时间。所建立的基于电子鼻的葡萄酒SO2添加量检测和相应的阵列构建与优化方法为葡萄酒酿造过程中SO2的有效监控技术研究提供参考。     

绿茶水分和茶多酚总量近红外分析定标模型的建立与应用

本文以具有良好代表性的绿茶为材料,通过比较多种预处理方法以及不同统计回归方法,建立绿茶中水分和茶多酚总量的近红外定标模型。结果:水分模型以9点卷积平滑(SG9)结合一阶导,以偏最小二乘法(PLS)建模效果最好,内部交叉验证的定标集、验证集的标准差SEE/SEP和相关系数r分别为:0.1486、0.9940、0.1685、0.9925;茶多酚模型以一阶导结合单位长度归一化(Nle),以偏最小二乘法(PLS)建模效果最好,内部交叉验证的定标集、验证集的标准差SEE/SEP和相关系数r分别为:1.086、0.8946、1.093、0.8344。同时以水分为例比较了原始光谱建模和平均光谱建模的效果差异,认为二者无显著差异,但前者模型更稳定。     

Simulating water content, crop yield and nitrate-N loss under free and controlled tile drainage with subsurface irrigation using the DSSAT model

In southwestern Ontario, rain-fed crop production frequently fails to achieve its yield potential because of growing-season droughts and/or uneven rainfall distribution. The objective of this study was to determine if the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) v4.5 model could adequately simulate corn and soybean yields, near-surface soil water contents, and cumulative nitrate-N losses associated with regular free tile drainage (TD) and controlled tile drainage with optional subsurface irrigation (CDS). The simulations were compared to observations collected between 2000 and 2004 from both TD and CDS field experiments on a Perth clay loam soil at the Essex Region Conservation Authority demonstration farm, Holiday Beach, Ontario, Canada. There was good model-data agreement for crop yields, near-surface (0-30 cm) soil water content and cumulative annual tile nitrate-N loss in both the calibration and validation years. For both TD and CDS, the CENTURY soil C/N model in DSSAT simulated water content and cumulative tile nitrate-N loss with normalized root mean square error (n-RMSE) values ranging from 9.9 to 14.8% and 17.8 to 25.2%, respectively. The CERES-Maize and CROPGRO-Soybean crop system models in the DSSAT simulated corn and soybean yields with n-RMSE values ranging from 4.3 to 14.0%. It was concluded that the DSSAT v4.5 model can be a useful tool for simulating near-surface soil water content, cumulative tile nitrate-N losses, and corn and soybean yields associated with CDS and TD water management systems.     

Sensitivity of root pruned ‘Conference’ pear to water deficit in a temperate climate

The present study examines the need for irrigation in pear trees (Pyrus Communis, cv. ‘Conference’) under low evaporative demand conditions, like in Belgium, in order to maintain a consistent fruit yield and high fruit size. To determine the sensitivity of the pear yield under low evaporative demand conditions three different orchards were monitored. The study shows that a Ψ_soil of −60 kPa during shoot growth has no effect on fruit yield but lower Ψ_soil values induced a decline in both fruit size and total yield. Just as for arid environments a Ψ_stem of −1.5 MPa is related to negative yield responses. In dry conditions lower Ψ_soil and Ψ_stem values were observed in root pruned trees compared to not root pruned trees in the same irrigation treatment, however without yield decline. In one orchard a biannual bearing tendency was observed after root pruning. Furthermore intensive Ψ_soil measurements show a high variation in Ψ_soil between orchards, and within an orchard. This underlines the need for irrigation management on a parcel level and the need for new irrigation scheduling techniques which take the spatial variation in the orchard into account.     

PLS回归法建立适应温度变化的近红外光谱定量分析模型

研究了近红外光谱定量分析模型对于样品温度的适应性。以42个不同品种的大豆为实验材料，用2台光谱仪分别独立测定了样品在5种温度下的近红外光谱。对于2台光谱仪测定的光谱，均依据光谱信息选择部分光谱，采用PLS回归法对大豆样品的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量分别建立了近红外光谱定量分析模型。并以剩余样品对模型进行预测检验。4个模型的预测结果均表明：超过94％的检验样品的预测相对误差小于5％．说明了预测样品处于5～40℃时，模型都有较好的预测效果。     

农作物产量自动监测技术及关键设备

为实现谷物产量的实时测量,将测产系统搭载在联合收割机上是最好的选择。本文概述了农作物产量监测系统的四个重要组成部分(谷物流量传感器;谷物水分传感器;GPS接收机;田间计算机和用户界面)的工作原理和关键技术。特别是对几种类型的谷物流量传感器的工作原理作了较为详细的介绍。     

管输过程中控制原油粘度的必要性及实现方法

分析了输油管道进泵原油组分的变化,引起原油运动粘度产生偏离设计值的波动,该波动具有随机性,是无法预测的,造成这种变化不大而缓慢波动的因素较多。原油粘度波动会影响输油工况的稳定,降低离心泵效率,影响降粘剂的最佳用量和原油最佳加热温度,为此,提出了将进泵原油粘度控制在设计值的输油工艺及在加热和不加热输送中的实现方法。将在线粘度传感器安装在泵附近的采样管中,随时检测进泵原油的运动粘度,看其是否与设计值一致,若有偏离,则通过调节器使执行单元动作,调节降粘剂掺入量或加热温度,使粘度控制在设计值,从而稳定了输油工况,有效地利用了降粘剂和加热的作用,保证了安全输油,降低了输油成本。