A Varietal Difference in Coleoptile Growth is Correlated with Seedling Establishment of Direct Seeded Rice in Submerged Field under Low-Temperature Conditions

Abstract

To elucidate the physiological characteristics relating to better seedling establishment in submerged field under low-temperature conditions, we compared the time required to reach various growth stages after seed imbibition among rice {Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in the performance of seedling establishment. Two experiments were conducted. In the field experiment, the percentage of seedlings with expanded second leaf at 30 days after sowing (PSSL) was measured and regarded as the index of establishment rate for each variety. In agar-bed experiment, the number of germinated seeds, the seedlings with the coleoptile elongated to the medium surface, and the seedlings with the 1st leaf apparent were counted daily under a 16°G condition. A sigmoid model was applied to the above values to evaluate the time requirements. There was a significant correlation between the duration from 50% germination to 50% emergence in the agar-bed experiment and PSSL in the field experiments. However, the duration from imbibition to 50% germination, and that from 50% emergence to 50% appearance of the first leaf were not significantly correlated with PSSL. We found that fast growth of the coleoptile is an important characteristic for the varieties that can provide stable and excellent seedling establishment at low temperature.     

除草剂土壤处理对旱直播稻田杂草的防除效果

[目的]筛选对旱直播稻田杂草具有较好防除效果的土壤封闭除草荆。[方法]研究了4种除草剂土壤封闭处理对旱直播稻田阔叶草、禾本科杂草、莎草的防除效果。[结果]除360g／L异嗯草松CS（广灭灵）对秧苗前期生长有点影响外,50％二·苄·异WP、35％丙·苄WP、42％丁·恶EC对水稻安全性较好。4种药剂对旱直播稻田杂草有较好的防效,药后45d,50％二·苄·异WP1500、1800g／hm^2 2个处理对禾本科杂草的株防效为92．31％～94．51％,对阔叶草的株防效为93．48％^-97．19％,对莎草的株崎效为97．44％～97．68％;35％丙·苄WP1200g／hm。对莎草的株防效为97．4‘4％;42％丁·恶Ec1650ml／hm^2对禾本科杂草的株防效为97．80％;360g／L异嗯草松CS750ml／hm^2对禾本科杂草的株防效为98．90％,但对阔叶草和莎草只有抑制作用。[结论]为旱直播稻田杂草的有效防除提供了理论依据。     

Effects of rainfall,competition and grazing on flowering of Osteospermum sinuatum (Asteraceae) in arid Karoo rangeland

The shrub Osteospermum sinuatum, an important fodder plant in Karoo rangelands, flowered after heavy rain in autumn, winter and spring. The number of flowers produced per bush was positively conelated with basal stem diameter and rainfall in the 12 weeks before anthesis. Flowering increased when neighbouring plants of all species were removed. Grazing during flowering and seed set, by sheep stocked at recommended densities, reduced potential seed set by as much as 90%. Birds, hares and small antelope consumed 10–50% of the flowers. Size‐class distributions indicated that little recent recruitment had taken place on a ranch where palatable plants were scarce and where O. sinuatum flower production was severely depressed by grazing sheep.     

清水冲刷山溪性卵石河流河床粗化室内试验研究

为探究清水冲刷后山溪性卵石河床流速、粗化级配和冲刷深度的变化规律,以水槽概化模型试验为主,设置3组流量、坡度、非均匀沙,对河床变化过程进行初步研究.研究结果表明:不同工况下,测线流速与冲刷深度沿槽宽分布不均,由边壁至水槽中心呈增大趋势.流量一定、坡度增加时,测线流速与水深呈反比;坡度一定、流量增加时,测线流速与水深呈正...     

Combined effects of snow depth and nitrogen addition on ephemeral growth at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

Water and nitrogen(N) inputs are considered as the two main limiting factors affecting plant growth.Changes in these inputs are expected to alter the structure and composition of the plant community,thereby influencing biodiversity and ecosystem function.Snowfall is a form of precipitation in winter,and snow melting can recharge soil water and result in a flourish of ephemerals during springtime in the Gurbantunggut Desert,ChinaA bi-factor experiment was designed and deployed during the snow-covering season from 2009 to 2010.The experiment aimed to explore the effects of different snow-covering depths and N addition levels on ephemerals.Findings indicated that deeper snow cover led to the increases in water content in topsoil as well as density and coverage of ephemeral plants in the same N treatment;by contrast,N addition sharply decreased the density of ephemerals in the same snow treatment.Meanwhile,N addition exhibited a different effect on the growth of ephemeral plants:in the 50% snow treatment,N addition limited the growth of ephemeral plants,showing that the height and the aboveground biomass of the ephemeral plants were lower than in those without N addition;while with the increases in snow depth(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition benefited the growth of the dominant individual plants.Species richness was not significantly affected by snow in the same N treatment.However,N addition significantly decreased the species richness in the same snow-covering depth.The primary productivity of ephemerals in the N addition increased with the increase of snow depth.These variations indicated that the effect of N on the growth of ephemerals was restricted by water supply.With plenty of water(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition contributed to the growth of ephemeral plants;while with less water(50% snow treatment),N addition restricted the growth of ephemeral plants.     

玉米施水播种增加灌水下渗的松土方法和试验

研究了下插式土壤松耕方法,分析了其工作原理、理想的刀具结构和合适的松土距离为50～70 mm,并用这种方法松土后进行了施水试验。结果表明：灌水入渗深度比未耕地或旋耕地对应值平均增加20 mm以上,且土壤湿润区整体下移约13 mm,灌水水平方向和垂直方向入渗深度的比值由1.3降低到0.8,而且,土壤紧实度和含水率均满足玉米施水播种的需要。这种方法有效增加了玉米施水播种灌溉水的下渗深度,减少了水分蒸发。     

黑河中游甘州区地下水埋深变化的时空分异

根据黑河中游甘州区地下水位埋深时间变化的相似性和差异性,选择了4个典型站点,分析其地下水埋深随时间的变化趋势及产生的原因。继而基于测井埋深时间序列变化的相似性、测井位置的临近性以及地下水补给的一致性,将整个研究区分成了4个分区。第Ⅰ分区地下水总体呈下降趋势,但波动性很大,且2001年以后地下水出现上升的迹象;第Ⅱ分区地下水位呈持续下降趋势;第Ⅲ分区地下水位在分水措施实施前缓慢下降,分水后地下水位显著下降;第Ⅳ分区地下水位呈先上升后下降的趋势。并对每个分区地下水位的变化从地下水的补给和利用等方面进行了阐述。     

近30 a黑河流域中游临泽县地下水变化趋势

基于黑河流域中游临泽县1984-2010年地下水埋深的监测资料,结合GS⁺、ArcGIS软件和地统计方法,对1986、1991、1996、2001、2006年和2010年的地下水埋深分别进行了半变异函数分析、理论模型选取以及空间插值分析。结果表明：受地形和土地利用变化等因素的影响,临泽县各灌区地下水埋深整体上呈逐年下降趋势。从不同的景观带来看,戈壁荒漠、河岸湿地地下水埋深年内波动很小,绿洲内部农田生态系统、绿洲边缘和绿洲-荒漠过渡带地下水埋深年内基本呈双峰型波动,两个峰值分别出现在5月和12月。地下水埋深的理论模型是指数模型,其空间变异主要是由气候、地形、地质等结构性因素引起的,且埋深变化没有显著的区域分异。地下水埋深空间分布特征为南北深,中间浅;小于4 m的区域1986-2010年面积减少了337.01 km²,占全县的12.58%,缩小趋势明显;而大于6 m的区域逐渐扩大到了全县面积的近2/3。     

Cover Crop Seeding Rate Effects on Forage Yields of Oat and Barley and Underseeded Bromegrass–Alfalfa Mixture

Annual cover crops compete with underseeded perennial forages for light, moisture, and nutrients and may suppress their establishment and growth. Field experiments were established in 2000 and 2001 at Nipawin and in 2002 and 2003 at Melfort in northeastern Saskatchewan to determine the effects of seeding rates of cover crops of oat (19, 38, and 112 kg ha^?1) and barley (31, 62, and 124 kg ha^?1) on forage dry-matter yield (DMY) of the cover crop cut as greenfeed in the seeding year, DMY of the underseeded meadow bromegrass–alfalfa mixture in the following 1 or 2 years after establishment, and forage quality [concentration of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)]. In the first establishment year, the no cover crop treatment produced considerably less DMY than the treatments with cover crops. Oat seeded at 112 kg ha^?1 produced greater DMY than when it was seeded at 19 or 38 kg ha^?1 in all four site-years, but DMY differences between the 19 or 38 kg ha^?1 seeding rates were not significant in any site-year. For barley, there was no significant difference in DMY among the three seeding rates in 2000, 2001, and 2002. In 2003, barley seeded at 62 or 124 kg ha^?1 produced greater DMY than when it was seeded at 31 kg ha^?1, but DMYs were not significantly different between the 62 and 124 kg ha^?1 seeding rates. The use of a cover crop did reduce DMY in 2003 of bromegrass–alfalfa mixture underseeded in 2002, but the type of cover crop and its seeding rate did not appear to affect DMY in any site-year. Forage quality in the seeding year was consistently superior in no cover crop treatment compared to that in treatments with cover crops, especially related to CP concentration. There was no consistent trend of forage quality in the cover crop treatments, indicating cover crops and their seeding rates had little effect on forage quality. In conclusion, oat appeared to be more sensitive to seeding rate than barley for forage DMY in the establishment year, but in the subsequent 1 or 2 years after establishment there was little effect of cover crop type and its seeding rate on DMY of bromegrass–alfalfa mixture, although DMY was considerably greater in the no cover treatment than that in treatments with cover crops in 1 site-year.     

Influence of Seeding Date and Growing Season Conditions on Forage Yield and Quality of Four Annual Crops in Northeastern Saskatchewan

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 on a Black Chernozem (Udic Boroll) silty clay soil at Melfort, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of seeding date on forage dry-matter yield (DMY) and quality [protein and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents] of four annual crops [barley (Hordium vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), triticale (×?Triticosecale Wittmack L.), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv; hereafter called Golden German millet)] with various maturities as well as different growing-season temperature and moisture requirements. Seeding date had a significant effect on forage DMY of all four crops in each 2002 and 2003. In 2002, the greatest forage DMY for barley, oat, triticale, and Golden German millet was achieved on 3 July, 22 June, 3 July, and 24 May, respectively. In 2003, the greatest forage DMY was from the 24 May seeding date for all four crops. In both 2002 and 2003, protein content in forage tended to decrease as DMY increased in all crops. In 2002, protein content in forage tended to be greater for the cereals with the early seeding dates and lowest days to harvest. The greatest protein content in forage for Golden German millet occurred at the latest seeding date but the fewest days to harvest. In 2003, the greatest protein content in forage occurred at the latest seeding date and fewest days to maturity for all four crops. In both 2002 and 2003, ADF content in forage responded inversely to protein content in forage. The ADF content in forage tended to increase as DMY of all crops increased and days to harvest increased. The seeding date for maximum DMY of cool-season crops was greatly influenced by the growing-season conditions in this study whereas the seeding date of the one warm-season crop was not. In conclusion, the findings suggest that date of seeding of annual forage crops would affect forage yield, and rainfall distribution throughout the growing season also plays a significant role in annual crop forage yields. As long as there is adequate precipitation later in the growing season, late seeding can also result in good forage yields.