等离子体处理对不同含水量穿心莲种子萌发的影响

为探究大气压等离子体处理对不同含水量穿心莲(Andrographis paniculata)种子萌发的影响,通过调节穿心莲种子含水量分别为6.3%、8.6%、12.9%、18.6%、24.0%和33.4%,再进行等离子体处理,经过发芽试验,以发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、活力指数、霉变率、正常幼苗百分比等指标,比较不同含水量的种子受到等离子体处理后的萌发效果。结果表明,穿心莲种子的含水量在12.9%、18.6%、24.0%时,经过大气等离子体处理后种子发芽率、发芽指数得到显著提高;同时种子和幼苗霉变坏死率显著下降,正常幼苗百分比提高。然而,对含水量为6.3%、8.6%和33.4%的种子进行处理,达不到促进萌发的效果。因此,不同含水量穿心莲种子的萌发对等离子体处理的响应不同,说明含水量是影响处理效果的重要因素。结合前期研究结果,在农业生产中,建议以含水量为11.6%～24.0%的穿心莲种子进行等离子体处理效果最佳。本研究为实际播种前处理和进一步研究等离子体技术在农业生产中的应用提供参考。     

Slug control in Australian canola: monitoring, molluscicidal baits and economic thresholds

Exotic slugs have become serious pests of canola, at establishment, in Southern Australian high-rainfall cropping zones. Slugs were monitored using relatively inexpensive 300 mm x 300 mm terracotta tiles acting as refuges. An investigation was made of the effects of the time of application of chelated iron baits on the slug species Deroceras reticulatum Müller and Lehmannia nyctelia Bourguignat. Baits reduced the number of surface-active slug species. A single application at sowing provided greater efficacy than one application before sowing, and efficacy was comparable with that of two applications. Canola seedling densities showed a negative response to D. reticulatum numbers; the presence of even one individual per refuge trap reduced seedling numbers below optimum densities. Thistles and other vegetation were associated with increased numbers of slugs. European guidelines for slug monitoring and damage appear to be at least partly applicable to Australian conditions.     

Preparation of Denitrifying Phosphorus Accumulating Bacterial Seed Liquid and Analysis of Phosphorus Removal Mechanism

In order to control the water eutrophication, microorganism agents with high capability of denitrifying phosphorus accumulation are required. A denitrifying poly-phosphate accumulating organisms(DNPAOS), B8(Pseudomonas putida sp.)was isolated from activated sludge in oxidation ditch of Anhui Tianchang wastewater treatment plant. Intracellular polyphosphate granule(Poly-P)dyeing method was used to optimize the culture conditions of Poly-P-producing Pseudomonas putida strain B8 seed liquid. The results showed that the appropriate culture conditions were as follow: pH value and temperature ranged from 6.5 to 7.0 and 30~32 ℃m respectively. The saturation values of dissolved oxygen varied from 70% to 88%(when velocity was in range of 120~140 r/min), 15~20 h proved to be the cultivation time. The seed liquid produced by B8 showed high phosphorus uptake rate in the processes of anaerobic-anoxic and anaerobic-aerobic in wastewater(89.73% and 94.09% respectively)In the anaerobic-anoxic process, the highest nitrate removal efficiency was 53.48%. Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)extracting method and analysis of phosphorus removal characterization revealed that phosphorus removal was mainly caused by intracellular uptake, rather than by extracellular biological adsorption.     

Methodology for creating alloplasmic soybean lines by using Glycine tomentella as a maternal parent

Soybean breeders have not exploited the diversity of the 26 wild perennial species of the subgenus Glycine Willd. that are distantly related to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and harbour useful genes. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for introgressing cytoplasmic and genetic diversity from Glycine tomentella PI 441001 (2n = 78) into cultivated soybean using ‘Dwight’ (2n = 40) as the male parent. Immature seeds (19–21 days post‐pollination) were cultured in vitro to produce F₁ plants (2n = 59). Amphidiploid (2n = 118) plants, induced by colchicine treatment, were vigorous and produced mature pods and seeds after backcrossing with ‘Dwight’. The BC₁ plants (2n = 79) produced mature seeds in crosses with ‘Dwight’. Chromosome numbers in BC₂F₁ plants ranged from 2n = 41–50. From BC₂F₂ to BC₃F₁, the number of plants in parentheses with 2n = 40 (275), 2n = 41 (208), 2n = 42 (80), 2n = 43 (27), 2n = 44 (12) and 2n = 45 (3) were identified. Fertile lines were grown in the field during 2012 and 2013. This is the first report of the successful development of new alloplasmic soybean lines with cytoplasm from G. tomentella.     

甘薯人工种子初探

植物人工种子是用人工种皮包裹胚状体或组织或器官而形成的具有种子功能的繁殖体。研究人工种子的主要目的是用于植物的繁殖和种质资源保存[1~4]。汤绍虎等[4]在国内首先研究了甘薯人工种子制作方法,但在(25±2)°C的室温下贮藏90 d的萌发率为0。因此,甘薯人工种子在实际应用方     

Comparison of Spring Barley Lines Produced by Single Seed Descent, Pedigree Inbreeding and Doubled Haploidy

Samples of inbred lines of Hordeum vulgare produced by pedigree inbreeding, doubled haploidy and single seed descent have been compared for a range of agronomic characters. Differences between the means of the in bred s produced by single seed descent and pedigree breeding were due to differing levels of inbreeding. The present study confirmed chat recombinant inbred families which out-perform the higher scoring parent may be produced by either method. Caution should, however, be exercised when simply inherited characters controlled by major genes are fixed in early generations. Differences between the doubled haploid and single seed descent samples for the character thousand grain weight were attributable to coupling linkages involving epistatic genes. The production and evaluation of random inbred lines should be considered as an alternative to pedigree methods of barley breeding.     

Pollination, Fertilization and Seed Development in Inbred Lines and F1 Hybrids of Spring Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

When the flowers are not disturbed, the yield of F₁ hybrids of faba beans normally exceeds that in their inbred parents. The basis of this “heterotic autofertility” was investigated by examining flowers for pollination and fertilization throughout the flowering season and assessing the distribution of seeds and pods on mature plants. Six inbred lines and seven of their F₁ hybrids were grown without protection from bee visitation, and their autofertility was estimated’ by comparing their fertilization with that of cytoplasmic male-sterile line. The first direct evidence was obtained that heterotic autofertility acts by increasing; the proportion of flowers which were pollinated and fertilized. The autofertility was not perfect, especially in a closed-flower hybrid, as many ovules remained unfertilized. Several factors contributed to the number of seeds per pod in F₁ hybrids, being superior to parental means: (1) more ovules per flower, (2) greater fertilization of the basal ovules, (3) reduced abortion of the apical ovules and (4) greater overall maturation ovules.     

Seed Yield Stability of Okra as Influenced by Planting Date

Fifteen selected okra varieties consisting of ten newly-developed lines and five established varieties were evaluated for stability of seed yields in eight different environments i.e. several monthly plantings for three consecutive years. Seed yield data were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of using different planting dates in seed yield trials of new okra varieties. The wide ranges of environmental indices (- 10.8 to 24.4) and seed yield (2.7 to 38.0 g plant ^-1) indicated significant variation between the environments even though the trials were conducted at the same location. A regression method of stability analysis showed that the mean differences between environments, the varieties and their interactions were highly significant. These results suggest that where limited resources prevent the use of several locations, different dates of planting for two or more years could be used to evaluate okra varieties for seed yield without losing much information on their relative ranking.