Marine temperatures experienced by postsmolts and the survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the North Sea area

The survival of two Atlantic salmon stocks that inhabit rivers confluent with the North Sea was examined in respect to historical distributions of sea surface water temperatures. The rivers Figgjo and North Esk are relatively small salmon rivers in southern Norway and eastern Scotland, respectively. Wild salmon smolts have been tagged in these rivers since 1965. Tag returns were used to evaluate the survival of salmon in the North Sea. Survival rates of one-sea-winter (1SW) and 2SW fish were correlated within stocks, as well as between stocks. Survival rates were compared with the areal extent of thermal habitat in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. A positive correlation was found between the area of 8–10°C water in May and the survival of salmon. A reciprocal negative correlation was also found between survival and 5–7°C water in the same month. An analysis of sea surface temperature distributions for periods of good vs. poor salmon survival showed that when cool surface waters dominate the Norwegian coast and North Sea during May, salmon survival has been poor. Conversely, when the 8°C isotherm has extended northward along the Norwegian coast during May, survival has been good. The effect of water temperature distributions on the growth of postsmolts and other survival factors are discussed.     

海参饲料研究的现状与发展方向

自20世纪80年代以来,随着海参人工育苗与养殖产业的迅速发展,海参用饲料研究越来越受到业内人士的关注。海参用饲料的好坏,直接影响海参育苗与养殖生产的成败。特别在目前,苗种生产与成参养殖迅速发展,海参用饲料需求量不断增加,而原料又十分短缺、饲料市场比较混乱,海参饲料开始成为限制海参苗种与养殖生产业发展的潜在因素。为此,笔者将综合叙述海参用饲料研究的发展过程、现状,并探讨其存在的问题以及今后发展的方向,供广大从事海参研究、教学、生产者参考。1海参用饲料的发展过程1.1国外海参饲料的研究工作始于刺参人工育苗方面的研究,…     

Effect of dietary supplemental l‐carnitine on growth performance,body composition and antioxidant status in juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

Effects of dietary l ‐carnitine were studied in juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The semipurified basal diet [crude protein 450 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude lipid 126 g kg^?1 DM] was formulated to choose white fishmeal as the protein source and fish oil plus corn oil (1 : 1) as the lipid source. Six diets (control + diets 1–5) containing 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.39 and 1.1 g of l ‐carnitine kg^?1 diet were fed to triplicate groups of black sea bream (initial weight 13.10 ± 0.05 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and antioxidant status were determined. The results showed that relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly improved by the elevation of dietary l ‐carnitine level from 0.1 to 0.24 g kg^?1, but decreased with further increment (P < 0.05). Lipid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the dorsal muscle whereas increased (P < 0.05) in the liver with the addition of dietary l ‐carnitine. Dietary l ‐carnitine supplements elevated enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST) activities (P < 0.05) yet decreased the content of non‐enzymatic factor, total sulphydryl groups (TSH) (P < 0.05). In summary, the optimum dietary l ‐carnitine level was 0.284 g kg^?1 diet by second‐polynomial regression analysis based on RGR (y = ?647.4x² +367.97x + 234.55; R² = 0.977, x = dietary l ‐carnitine levels, y = RGR), and dietary l ‐carnitine addition within the levels adopted in our study could depress lipid peroxidation in tissues of juvenile black sea bream.     

Effect of three diets on the gametogenic development and fatty acid profile of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) gonads

In this study, the effects of three diets were investigated to enhance Paracentrotus lividus production for commercial purposes. P. lividus were fed ad libitum for 80 days with: diet A—fresh Codium tomentosum Stackhouse, 1797; diet B—formulated using a jellified mix of macroalgae and vegetables, including C. tomentosum (20%), Coralina sp. Linnaeus, 1758 (17%), cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata Linnaeus, 1753 (30%), carrot Daucus carota Linnaeus, 1753 (30%) and agar (3%) as a gelling agent. Diet C consisted of maize Zea mays Linnaeus, 1753 (56%) and New Zealand spinach Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pallas, 1781) Kuntze, 1891 (44%). Their effects on the gonadal and somatic growths, gonadosomatic index (GI) and gametogenesis were evaluated, as well as on the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of sea urchin's gonads. Diet A provided high values of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Gonads of sea urchins fed with diet A were found mostly in growth and maturation stages of gametogenesis and showed the lowest lipid content. Sea urchins fed with diet B presented their gonads in the reabsorption stage and had the highest values of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Sea urchins fed with diet C were in the early stages of gametogenesis and had the highest values of lipid content, plus omega‐6 PUFAs. Once as an ingredient in a balanced mix with vegetables, C. tomentosum can be a key factor to the development of new promising high‐quality and low‐cost feed for P. lividus roe enhancement.     

Piscine reovirus (PRV) in wild Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., and sea‐trout,Salmo trutta L., in Norway

This is the first comprehensive study on the occurrence and distribution of piscine reovirus (PRV) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., caught in Norwegian rivers. PRV is a newly discovered reovirus associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), a serious and commercially important disease affecting farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway. A cross‐sectional survey based on real‐time RT‐PCR screening of head kidney samples from wild, cultivated and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon caught from 2007 to 2009 in Norwegian rivers has been conducted. In addition, anadromous trout (sea‐trout), Salmo trutta L., caught from 2007 to 2010, and anadromous Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), caught from 2007 to 2009, were tested. PRV was detected in Atlantic salmon from all counties included in the study and in 31 of 36 examined rivers. PRV was also detected in sea‐trout but not in anadromous Arctic char. In this study, the mean proportion of PRV positives was 13.4% in wild Atlantic salmon, 24.0% in salmon released for stock enhancement purposes and 55.2% in escaped farmed salmon. Histopathological examination of hearts from 21 PRV‐positive wild and one cultivated salmon (Ct values ranging from 17.0 to 39.8) revealed no HSMI‐related lesions. Thus, it seems that PRV is widespread in Atlantic salmon returning to Norwegian rivers, and that the virus can be present in high titres without causing lesions traditionally associated with HSMI.     

基于海表面温度SST的剩余产量模型评估太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群资源

选择5—9月的平均海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)作为环境因子,采用Schaefer模型和Fox模型对太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群渔获量进行评价。假设ΔU(观测和预测单位捕捞努力量渔获量残差)是由SST引起的,从而将SST引入太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群的评估模型中。根据1960年以来太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群渔业整体发展情况,以1993和2003年为界对1985—2014年的总渔获量进行分段分析,分别为:1985—1993年、1994—2002年和2003—2014年。根据是否引入SST和引入SST后是否分段,分别构建了3个Schaefer模型和3个Fox模型。结果显示,分段Schaefer model-SST的拟合效果最好,ΔU与SST显著负线性相关(P0.05),渔获量在18～23℃会随温度升高而降低。建议:模型建立过程中应根据不同时间段的情况不同而进行分段分析,这样可以提高拟合效果;用分段Schaefer model-SST对未来渔获量进行评估,以期对相关资源管理起到一定的借鉴意义。     

盐度骤降对幼仿刺参生长、免疫指标及呼吸树组织结构的影响

在水温为10.0-13.0℃下,将暂养在盐度为33水中的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参（2.42 g和3.5 g）直接放入盐度为33、30、26、22的塑料水槽（50 cm×40 cm×30 cm）中,过量投喂,正常饲养,研究了盐度骤降对幼参存活、生长、某些免疫指标及呼吸树组织学的影响。结果表明：在60 d饲养过程中,各组幼参的排脏率为2.23%-11.11%,盐度为33时,幼参的排脏率显著低于盐度为30时（P〈0.05）,而与盐度为26和22时差异均不显著（P〉0.05）;但生长却随着盐度的降低而降低,盐度为30和26时,幼参的生长速度分别比盐度为33时减少了5.0%和62.5%,表明盐度为26时是明显抑制幼参生长的拐点;随着盐度的降低,各试验组幼参体腔液上清液中溶菌酶活力升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力降低,但均未检测出酸性磷酸酶的活性。盐度为29时,幼参体腔上皮细胞逐渐消失,内皮层中出现大量空泡,血腔不明显,中央腔变小;盐度为24、18时,幼参体腔上皮细胞增多,血腔增厚,内皮层细胞向中央腔延伸。     

滨海新区一次气旋型风暴潮的成因分析

从天气系统、数值预报、风暴潮增水特征等方面,对2008年8月22日滨海新区发生的一次风暴潮的原因进行了分析。分析表明,由于黄海气旋在东移过程中引起渤海偏东风,对滨海新区产生风增水,同时黄海北部的风增水造成的风暴潮波经渤海海峡呈逆时针传向渤海西岸堆积,并与天文高潮位叠加,实况潮位高达5.18 m。     

国土空间详细规划现状底图底数转换方法研究

统一底图底数是编制各类空间规划的重要前提和基础,第三次国土调查数据作为当前权威性最高、现势性最强的国土空间利用现状数据,所采用的工作分类与国土空间规划采用的用地用海分类存在较大差异。本文通过对工作分类和用地用海分类进行衔接分析,提出了基于第三次国土调查数据的国土空间详细规划现状底图底数转换的总体技术思路、关键技术方法。     

Formation of zinc protoporphyrin IX in Parma-like ham without nitrate or nitrite

Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZPP) is a characteristic red pigment in meat products that are manufactured without the addition of a curing agent such as nitrate or nitrite. To examine the effects of impurities such as mineral components in sea salt on the formation of ZPP, we manufactured Parmatype dry-cured hams that were salted with refined salt or sea salt and examined the involvement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the formation of ZPP. The content of ZPP was increased drastically after 40 weeks. Microscopic observation showed strong fluorescence caused by ZPP muscle fiber after 40 weeks. Conversely, heme content varied considerably during processing. ORP increased during processing. However, there was no obvious difference between ham salted with refined salt and that salted with sea salt. Therefore, it was concluded that impurities in sea salt were not involved in the formation of ZPP.