添加水对半干旱区沙质草地土壤氮有效性季节变化的影响(英文)

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water (80 mm) was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition (W) treatment and control (CK) treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots (4 m×4 m for each) with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net nitrogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5 μg·g-1·month-1 to 4 μg·g-1·month-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited "V" shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N (ascending trend) and nitrate-N transformation (descending trend).     

片石砂土地区封山育林效益分析

片石砂土地区从１９８４年起至１９９４年止，共封山育林１．１０万ｈｍ＾２现已基本成林，原来绿化难度大的近０．６７万ｈｍ＾２荒山。成为多树种，多层次的立体结构混交林。封山育林成本低，效益好，对恢复植被，涵养水源、防治病虫害等都有较大的效果，它是解决农村能源紧缺问题的有效手段之一，并能减少地表径流，减轻水旱灾害，保障农业丰收。     

蒟蒻薯净光合速率与蒸腾速率日变化

在晴天条件下,研究了蒟蒻薯(Tacca chantrieri)生长期的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率。结果表明,蒟蒻薯净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,光合"午休"现象明显;气孔导度的降低会引起蒸腾速率的降低;蒸腾速率日变化也呈双峰曲线,平均蒸腾速率为0.186mmol.m-2.s-1,平均水分利用率为12.071μmol CO2/mmol H2O。     

章古台沙区采伐迹地更新造林技术研究

通过多年的生产实践和科学研究，总结出从树种选择、整地、造林、抚育、施肥到病虫害防治等一整套可行的采伐迹地更新造林技术，并提出9种可行的造林设计模式。对于干旱沙区采伐迹地更新造林技术有一定参考意义。     

从澳大利亚引进的两种相思植物光合速率和蒸腾效率的初步研究

以LCA-4光合蒸腾测定系统进行大腺相思和多花相思叶片气体交换过程的测定。结果如下：（1）净光合速率日变化明显，且变化趋势大体一致，即10：00-13：00具有较高的光合速率，其它测定时间相对较低。（2）两树种净光合速率存在差异。大腺相思高于多花相思，其最大值分别为19.6(10:00),16.1(13:00)μmolm^-2s^-1，日平均值分别为11.9,9.8μmolm^-2s^-1，反映了大腺相思的生长速度较多花相思快。（3）大腺相思和多花相思蒸腾速率日变化明显，正午前后较高，13：00达到最大，日平均值多花相思略高于大腺相思，分别为3.3,3.0mmolm^-2s^-1，表明在相同的环境条件下大腺相思的耗水量低于多花相思。（4）两树种蒸腾效率的日变化趋势大体上也类似，即在9：00-11：00较高，此期间大腺相思和多花相思和多花相思的平均值分别为5.51,4.21μmolCO2/mmolH2O。日平均值大腺厢思和多花相思分别为3.84,2.88μmolCO2/mmolH2O,表明消耗等量的水分大腺相思比多花相思能固定更多的CO2量，即有更高的水分利用效率。     

白藤花粉采集时间及萌发条件的初步研究

对白藤开花习性、花粉采集时间及萌发条件进行了初步研究,结果表明：在白藤开花盛期,日开花高峰期集中在早晨4：00～8：00,其中6：00开放的花朵占当日开花总数的62．36％,其他时段开花量极少;上午8：30～11：30收集的花粉萌发力最强;在25％蔗糖液体培养基中和35℃下培养6h,花粉萌发与生长效果最佳。     

Dry matter production and nutrient cycling in agroforestry systems of mandarin grown in association with Albizia and mixed tree species

A study on dry matter production and nutrient cycling in agroforestry systems of mandarin grown in association with N₂-fixing Albizia and mixed tree species (non-N₂-fixing) was carried out in the Sikkim Himalaya. A site with Albizia was referred asAlbizia-mandarin stand and the other site with mixed tree species as mandarin stand. The stand total biomass, net primary productivity and mandarin fruit production was higher under the influence of Albizia. Agronomic yield of crops remained nearly the same in both the stands. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of different components of Albizia were higher than those of mixed tree species, whereas their back translocation from leaf to branch before abscission was lower inAlbizia. The mandarin-based agroforestry is a highly nutrient-exhaustive system evaluated in terms of nutrient exit through the removal of agronomic yield. This system, under the influence of Albizia, was more productive with faster rates of nutrient cycling. Nutrient use efficiency increased under the influence of Albizia, in contrary to the hypothesis that efficiency should decrease with increasing rate of uptake. The poor nutrient conservation of Albizia, and malleability of nutrient cycling under its influence make it an excellent association which promotes higher availability and faster cycling of nutrients.Albizia should be utilised more extensively in the management of mandarin-based agroforestry systems.     

Genetic variation in foliar nutrient concentration in relation to foliar carbon isotope composition and tree growth with clones of the F1 hybrid between slash pine and Caribbean pine

The objectives of this study were: (1) to quantify the genetic variation in foliar nutrient concentration in relation to foliar carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) and tree growth of 122 clones of ca. 4-year-old F₁ hybrids between slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm var. elliottii) and Caribbean pine (P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. et Golf.) grown at two experimental sites with different water and nutrient availability in southeast Queensland, Australia and (2) to examine the potential of using foliar nutrient concentration of the 4-year-old tree canopies for selecting elite F₁ hybrid pine clones with improved nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) and water-use efficiency (WUE), and ultimately enhanced tree growth under ambient growing conditions. There were significant differences in foliar nutrient concentrations between two canopy positions (upper outer and lower outer canopy) sampled, between summer and winter, and between the two sites. This highlights that foliar nutrient concentrations are influenced by sampling and environment. Significant genetic variations in foliar nutrient concentrations were detected between the clones, between the female parents, and between the male parents of the clones in both sampling seasons at both sites. Depending on the nutrient concerned, canopy position, season, and site sampled, the clones accounted for 4.7–33.9% of the total variation in foliar nutrient concentrations, the clone female parents for 0–25.1% and the clone male parents for 0–28.6%. The site-by-clone interactions were statistically significant for foliar N, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and mineral concentrations at the upper outer canopy in summer, and for foliar N concentration in winter. There were significant, positive correlations between clone means of foliar δ¹³C and N concentration at the upper outer canopy in summer for the wet site, while clone foliar δ¹³C was also positively related to clone foliar N concentration at both canopy positions in summer for the dry site. This suggests that clone WUE as reflected in foliar δ¹³C may be improved by selecting elite clones with higher foliar N concentration and increased photosynthesis, leading to enhanced tree growth when both water and N are the major growth-limiting factors. This is supported by the positive correlation detected between clone tree height and foliar N concentration at the upper outer canopy for both sites. Thus, foliar nutrient (particularly N) concentration, together with foliar δ¹³C, may be useful for assisting in selection of exotic pine clones with improved NUE and WUE, and enhanced tree growth under the nutrient- and water-limiting environments.     

桌面色彩及纹理对阅读的影响

本文通过阅读勾销实验 ,研究了不同色彩、不同纹理的桌面对阅读者的阅读效率、疲劳程度等方面的影响 ,并对实验结论进行了分析与评价     

长白落叶松生长性状早晚相关及早期选择的研究

本文对３０年生９０株人工长白落叶松树干解析生长变异及早期预测进行了研究，结果表明，树高、胸径、材积的变异随着年龄增大而减小，１４～１８龄是生长变异由剧烈分化到趋向稳定的转折年龄，此时树高、胸径、材积等的幼龄至成熟龄相关达极显著水平，选择效率也处在较高水平，确定长白落叶松早期选择年龄为１４年。