糖化酶研究进展及其在食品工业中的应用

介绍了糖化酶产生菌株的分布、结构与多型性、作用机制、基因和固定化研究与处理及其在食品生产中的应用现状,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻田土壤钾素表观平衡的互作效应

土壤酸化和钾素亏缺是制约南方酸性稻田生产力持续提升的重要因素。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是改良土壤酸化和补充钾素的有效措施,但二者对土壤钾素盈亏平衡的互作效应还不甚清楚。于2015—2018年,在江西省上高县开展施石灰和秸秆还田两因素田间定位试验,共设置4个处理:(1)秸秆不还田,不施石灰;(2)秸秆不还田,仅2015年施一次石灰;(3)每季秸秆全量还田,不施石灰;(4)每季秸秆全量还田,仅2015年施一次石灰。结果表明,秸秆还田显著提高了水稻钾素吸收,施石灰仅显著增加了2016年晚稻钾素吸收。施石灰和秸秆还田仅对2016年晚稻钾素吸收有显著正向互作效应。在秸秆还田下,施石灰使2016年晚稻钾素吸收增加了25.7%;而在秸秆不还田下无显著影响。试验进行4年后,施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤全钾含量无显著影响。但4年土壤钾素表观平衡估算表明,在秸秆还田下土壤总累积钾素表观平衡表现为盈余,秸秆不还田下则为亏缺,而施石灰对其无显著影响。施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤总累积钾素表观平衡有显著的互作效应。在施石灰和不施石灰条件下,秸秆还田分别使土壤累积钾素平均表观盈余19.5 kg hm^–2 a...     

Environmental performances of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) cultivated in fertile and marginal lands: A case study in the Mediterranean

Perennial rhizomatous grasses (PRGs) tend to have a high yield combined with a low environmental impact. Cultivation in marginal or poorly cultivated land is recommended in order not to compromise food security and to overcome land use controversies. However, the environmental impacts of using different types of soil are still unclear. We thus assessed the environmental impact of two giant reed (GR) systems cultivated in a fertile soil (FS) and in a marginal soil (MS) through a cradle-to-plant gate LCA. We analyzed energy balance, GHG emissions (including LUC, not including iLUC), and the main impacts on air, water and soil quality. In both systems the annualized soil carbon sequestration was more than twofold the total GHG emitted, equal to −6464 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in FS and −5757 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in MS. Overall, soil characteristics affected not only GR yield level, but also its environmental impact, which seems to be higher in the MS system both on a hectare and tonne basis. The production of GR biomass in marginal soil could thus lead to higher environmental impacts and a more extensive land requirement.     

Estimation of phenotypic variability in symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability of common bean under drought stress using 15N natural abundance in grain

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume, cultivated by small farmers and is usually exposed to unfavorable conditions with minimum use of inputs. Drought and low soil fertility, especially phosphorus and nitrogen (N) deficiencies, are major limitations to bean yield in smallholder systems. Beans can derive part of their required N from the atmosphere through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Drought stress severely limits SNF ability of plants. The main objectives of this study were to: (i) test and validate the use of ¹⁵N natural abundance in grain to quantify phenotypic differences in SNF ability for its implementation in breeding programs of common bean with bush growth habit aiming to improve SNF, and (ii) quantify phenotypic differences in SNF under drought to identify superior genotypes that could serve as parents. Field studies were conducted at CIAT-Palmira, Colombia using a set of 36 bean genotypes belonging to the Middle American gene pool for evaluation in two seasons with two levels of water supply (irrigated and drought stress). We used ¹⁵N natural abundance method to compare SNF ability estimated from shoot tissue sampled at mid-pod filling growth stage vs. grain tissue sampled at harvest. Our results showed positive and significant correlation between nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) estimated using shoot tissue at mid-pod filling and %Ndfa estimated using grain tissue at harvest. Both methods showed phenotypic variability in SNF ability under both drought and irrigated conditions and a significant reduction in SNF ability was observed under drought stress. We suggest that the method of estimating Ndfa using grain tissue (Ndfa-G) could be applied in bean breeding programs to improve SNF ability. Using this method of Ndfa-G, we identified four bean lines (RCB 593, SEA 15, NCB 226 and BFS 29) that combine greater SNF ability with greater grain yield under drought stress and these could serve as potential parents to further improve SNF ability of common bean.     

滨海盐碱地棉花秸秆还田对土壤理化性质及棉花产量的影响

在滨海盐碱地定点设置连续3年棉花秸秆还田和未还田2个处理,研究其对0~60 cm土层土壤理化性质和棉花产量的影响。结果表明,连续3年棉花秸秆还田显著降低0~30 cm土层土壤容重和0~10 cm土层0.25 mm土壤微团聚体含量;显著提高0~10 cm土层5 mm土壤大团聚体含量。在0~20 cm土层,3年秸秆还田显著提高棉花播前和各生育阶段土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效钾含量,平均分别比对照提高13.45%、18.57%、22.80%和22.57%;降低土壤速效磷和含盐量,平均分别比对照降低18.29%和16.59%。在20~40 cm土层,3年秸秆还田显著提高土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,平均比对照提高37.20%和31.62%;显著降低土壤含盐量,平均比对照降低19.06%。在40~60 cm土层,3年秸秆还田显著提高土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,平均分别比对照提高38.26%和24.83%。3年棉花秸秆还田分别比未还田显著提高棉花籽棉产量11.57%、19.01%和13.24%和皮棉产量18.56%、19.78%和18.73%,但对棉花单铃重和衣分无显著影响。     

Estimation of Crown Temperature of Winter Wheat and the Effect on Simulation of Frost Tolerance

Accurate estimation of winter wheat frost kill in cold‐temperate agricultural regions is limited by lack of data on soil temperature at wheat crown depth, which determines winter survival. We compared the ability of four models of differing complexity to predict observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth during two winter seasons (2013‐14 and 2014‐15) at Ultuna, Sweden, and at 1 cm depth at Ilseng and Ås, Norway. Predicted and observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth was then used in FROSTOL model simulations of the frost tolerance of winter wheat at Ultuna. Compared with the observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth, soil temperature was better predicted by detailed models than simpler models for both seasons at Ultuna. The LT50 (temperature at which 50 % of plants die) predictions from FROSTOL model simulations using input from the most detailed soil temperature model agreed better with LT50 FROSTOL outputs from observed soil temperature than what LT50 FROSTOL predictions using temperature from simpler models did. These results highlight the need for simpler temperature prediction tools to be further improved when used to evaluate winter wheat frost kill.     

土壤硝化强度测定方法的改进

为了使土壤硝化强度的测定条件更加统一,结果更加准确,本研究针对土壤硝化强度测定时广泛采用的悬液法,研究了其最佳培养条件：反应体系pH 7.5,底物NH4+-N浓度为100 mg/L,培养温度为30℃,培养时间为5 h,风干土样预培养72 h后才可进行硝化强度的测定。还针对NO₃^--N生成法的不足,探讨了通过NO₂^--N生成法评价硝化强度的途径：通过向反应体系中添加1 mol/L的氯酸钠0.2 mL,有效抑制NO₂^-向NO₃^-的氧化。不同检测方法对硝化强度测定对比的结果发现,NO₂^--N生成法确是评价土壤硝化强度的最佳方法。     

土壤多糖的研究进展

土壤多糖是土壤中碳水化合物的主要存在形式,是土壤中一种重要的有机胶结物质,国内外对土壤多糖的研究涉及众多方面。从土壤多糖的来源、组成、含量及分布,土壤多糖的化学结构,土壤多糖的稳定性,土壤多糖对土壤结构形成的作用以及对土壤肥力的意义等方面进行了梳理和总结,为土壤多糖的深入研究提供借鉴。     

基于FDR原理的土壤氮含量检测方法的研究

设计一款基于土壤介电理论中的频域反射法(Frequency Domain Reflectometry)的土壤氮含量传感器,提供了一种用于土壤中氮含量的快速测定的新方法。试验装置以2个金属平行板为敏感元件、含氮土壤为电介质,设计试验在不同土壤含水率梯度下,探索土壤含氮量对土壤介电特性的影响,用平行板电极借助磁场来检测土壤中氮含量,建立传感器的输出频率和土壤质量含水率和氮含量的数学模型。试验结果表明,在土壤含水量一致的情况下,传感器的输出频率随着氮素含量的增加呈递减趋势。模型调整R2达到0.97,验证了模型的有效性。在前人研究的基础上,基于已经成熟的驻波比法(Standing Wave Ratio,SWR)土壤水分传感器间接测量含氮土壤的介电常数,使用烘干法得到土壤的容重,即可得到含氮土壤较为精确的含水量,通过建立的模型根据传感器输出频率与含水量得到土壤的氮含量。     

酱油渣不溶性膳食纤维的功能特性及其应用研究

研究酱油渣中不溶性膳食纤维的膨胀性、持水能力、持油性、亚硝酸根离子吸附性,以及阳离子交换能力等功能特性,及其在桃酥中的应用。结果表明,酱油渣不溶性膳食纤维具有较好的膨胀性、持水能力、持油性和一定的阳离子交换能力,对亚硝酸根离子的吸附性能随着时间的增加而增大,120min时的吸附性趋于饱和,吸附率高达83.24%,且在酸性条件下的吸附性能更佳。应用实验表明,在桃酥中添加适量的酱油渣不溶性膳食纤维,不仅对桃酥的口感、色泽及组织形态等方面的影响较小,而且其保健功能有很大的提高。