宁夏水土保持及区划研究

简述了宁夏的生态环境，论述了宁夏水土保持的重要性及总体方向。根据宁夏生态环境状况，将其划分为5个水土保持区，即：①银川平原水土资源基本平衡区；②贺兰山森林草坡轻度流失区；③盐池-同心沙漠化草原中度流失区；④海原-固原草原强度流失区；⑤六盘山疏林草原中度流失区。为宁夏的水土保持、生态环境建设和区域经济发展提供了科学依据。     

旱稻农田土壤水分变化特征研究

试验研究旱稻不同灌溉处理土壤水分变化特征结果表明,不同供水条件下农田土壤水分变化的主要层次均为80cm以上,120cm以下土层土壤水分处于相对稳定状态,且维持在相对较高水平;供水较多时旱稻水分耗散量、耗水强度也较大,而相同供水条件下旱稻水分耗散量和耗水强度又小于水稻对照;相同灌溉处理旱稻产量和水分利用效率均高于水稻对照;而充足供水有利于旱稻根系在0~20cm表层发育,但不利于其根系在下层生长,而W2可促使根系下扎,更充分利用下层水分。     

搞好广安水土保持大示范区建设的几点认识

广安市在水土保持工作中 ,克服过去水保部门单打一的做法 ,把与生态环境建设相关的项目全部纳入“长治”工程大示范区建设范围 ,打好总体战。同时 ,把水保工程作为农、林、牧产业化和旅游发展的基础 ,以水保工程促进产业开发 ,以产业开发巩固水保成果 ,使得水保工程取得了显著的社会、经济、生态效益     

不同浸提条件对包膜控/缓释肥水中溶出率的影响

以几种不同包膜材料控／缓释肥为供试肥料,研究不同肥(养分)水比、浸提方式(连续浸提和更换浸提液)、温度和pH条件对控／缓释肥水中溶出率的影响。结果表明,浸提液中肥料浓度是影响养分释放的重要因素,加大肥水比、更换浸提液可以显著减小这种影响。升高温度,有机和无机材料包膜控／缓释肥水中溶出率均显著加快。肥料类型、肥水比对浸提液的pH都有显著影响,但在连续浸提和更换浸提液方式下,7d内浸提液的pH有着不同的变化趋势。控／缓释肥在pH.5的磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶出率显著高于在pH.7的磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶出率。因此,对于不同包膜材料控／缓释肥以一定pH值的微酸性缓冲溶液作为浸提剂,定期更换浸提液或采用动态流法,相同的氮(或磷、钾)水比,30℃左右的浸提条件是较为合理的。     

闽西南及赣南地区水土流失治理问题的思考与建议

闽西南至赣南一线是我国南方红壤区水土流失历史最悠久、流失强度最严重的地区之一,根据考察中所了解到的水土流失治理经验,从区域水土治理的基本途径上,提出以下几点意见:①坚持植被的自然恢复与人工生态恢复相结合,重视针阔混交林及常绿阔叶林的建设;②坚持生态林与经济林相结合,重视生态经济林建设;③坚持“水、土、林、肥”的协调,重视水土资源合理配置与环境友好建设;④坚持管理与法制相结合,不断强化政策与体制建设;⑤坚持科技与开发建设相结合,重视科技的不断创新与发展;⑥坚持科学发展观与社会经济发展相结合,走水土保持可持续发展的道路。另外还提出本区水土流失治理的“十二字”原则与标准以及对本区水土流失治理工作的几点建议。     

“猪-沼-果”水土保持综合治理模式简析

 “猪—沼—果”工程是20世纪90年代以来江西省赣南等水土流失严重地区综合治理水土流失的一种新模式,对巩固和促进治理成果取得了积极有效的作用。通过介绍“猪—沼—果”综合治理模式的内涵及“猪—沼—果”产业循环生态链,对“猪—沼—果”综合治理模式在小流域治理中的作用和效益进行全面阐述。其作用主要表现在3个方面:1)缓解能源紧缺的矛盾,保护自然植被,巩固治理成果;2)提供有机肥料,改善水土流失地土壤养分条件,促进开发性治理;3)促进小流域经济的发展,加快脱贫致富的步伐。同时,取得了显著的水土保持效益、生态效益和经济效益。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

温度对煤矸石山水分及植物生长的影响——以山西省阳泉市煤矸石山为例

 采用野外调查试验、取样和室内分析的方法,研究煤矸石山温度对水分及植被生长的影响。结果表明:煤矸石山温度在垂直方向随着深度的增加有上升趋势,与自然黄土荒坡变化趋势相反,且覆土后的煤矸石山较自然恢复煤矸石山温度变化剧烈;在垂直0～80cm的范围内,自然恢复、覆土50 cm和覆土100cm煤矸石山相邻土层（10cm）温度升高值分别为0.68、2.20和2.97℃;覆土煤矸石山水分含量在垂直方向因温度升高逐步下降,其水分含量较自然恢复煤矸石山平均高出10%～15%;在山西省阳泉市煤矸石山适宜生长的耐高温植物有灰绿藜、茵陈蒿、蒺藜、马齿苋、臭蒿、狗尾草、沙打旺和鬼针草,4种植物对温度敏感程度由高到低依次为紫穗槐>刺槐>臭椿>侧柏。     

土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展

土壤侵蚀制约着社会、经济、环境的协调发展,已经成为全球性的主要环境问题之一。本文从雨滴击溅侵蚀、坡面水蚀过程、坡沟系统水沙传递关系和沟道侵蚀输沙等四个过程系统地分析了土壤侵蚀过程研究中取得的进展和存在的不足,简述了国内外土壤侵蚀预报研究的历史,总结了植被措施和工程措施对水土流失的调控作用机理和水土保持效益等有关问题,对土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学今后的研究方向提出见解,指出了加强对土壤侵蚀过程与机理、大尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型、土壤侵蚀与水土流失治理环境效应评价和水土流失调控技术的科技转化等亟待解决问题的研究深度和广度。     

Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil

Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (E_a) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E₀); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the E_a was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated E_a for the two seasons was 1419 mm year⁻¹, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day⁻¹. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (K_c) and based on transpiration (K_cb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer K_c was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (r_a) was 37 s m⁻¹ and the bulk surface resistance (r_s) was 135 s m⁻¹. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha⁻¹ being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m⁻³ when based on E_a with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m⁻³. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users.