Diagnosis of regional evaporation by remote sensing to support irrigation performance assessment

The success of water management in large irrigation schemes with composites of soil, crop, wetness and micro-meteorological conditions is difficult to quantify. Performance assessment indicators, being among others a function of evaporation, are useful tools to evaluate the actual functioning of an irrigation system. The inevitable spatial variability of evaporation in large irrigation schemes makes its determination with conventional point measurements almost impossible. A new remote sensing evaporation parameterization algorithm has been tested with high resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper data for the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. Although the implementation of such an algorithm requires assumptions to be made, the current case study shows that these assumptions do not hamper the estimation of actual and potential evaporation at regional scale. The actual evaporation has been used to express the uniformity of crop water use which is related to the equity of irrigation water distribution. The coefficient of variance in actual evaporation between 53 differenent irrigation districts is 10% on average. The relative evaporation was considered to determine whether the crop was adequately irrigated. The relative evaporation was more than 75% for 48 out of 53 irrigation districts. It is concluded, that improved information on actual crop growth conditions through remote sensing provides an essential insight into the planning of real-time and seasonal irrigation water deliveries.     

灌区灌溉自动化监控系统的设计与研究

介绍了 1种灌区灌溉自动化监控系统的组成、功能和实现方法。系统利用田间传感器实时测量田间参数 ,通过网络传送给控制计算机 ,由控制计算机根据决策模型自动控泵房电机起停、渠首闸门启闭实现灌区内农田自动灌溉 ,系统具有实时控制、实时数据采集与保存 ,现场实时视频监视等功能。     

EMC单片机技术在粮仓库门控制系统中的应用

介绍了一种基于EMC单片机的粮仓库门自动控制系统.该系统分为红外遥控和接收两部分,其中红外遥控部分通过EM78P153控制红外无线遥控器发射指令信号,而红外接收部分通过接收模块接收到信号后由EM78P447来控制粮仓库门的开、关、停、限位和夜间自动点灯.系统结构简单,功能齐全,具有低成本、低功耗和可靠性高等特点.     

折减系数在边坡中的应用

选择边坡内某些监测点的位移特征作为强度折减法的边坡破坏判据.为分析边坡滑面的位置和位移方式选取的合理性,分别对均质土坡建立数值模型,计算结果与实地调查相吻合.     

基于铱星通信技术的土壤墒情远程监测网络研究

为了实现野外偏远、无GPRS信号地区土壤墒情、温度及降雨量的远程无线实时监测,设计了一套由土壤墒情及相关影响信息实时采集系统、铱星通信以及互联网技术构成的"物联网"架构式土壤墒情实时监测系统,围绕铱星SBD(Short burst data)终端模块9602开发了具有独立知识产权的数据采集系统。该系统实现了智能化、网络化的土壤墒情实时监测,以及历史数据的查询、下载,根据设定阈值进行短信报警、传感器和通信故障报警等功能。该系统自2011年8月在山东省、北京市等地运行以来,可以安全、稳定、可靠地获取监测土壤含水率、温度及降雨量信息。通过试验可知铱星通信在空旷地带成功率为97.2%,单个节点通信费用为每月200元(12 000字节),达到了对土壤墒情、温度和降雨量变化规律进行长期监测的目的。     

An entropy approach to spatial disaggregation of agricultural production

While agricultural production statistics are reported on a geopolitical – often national – basis we often need to know the status of production or productivity within specific sub-regions, watersheds, or agroecological zones. Such re-aggregations are typically made using expert judgments or simple area-weighting rules. We describe a new, entropy-based approach to making spatially disaggregated assessments of the distribution of crop production. Using this approach, tabular crop production statistics are blended judiciously with an array of other secondary data to assess the production of specific crops within individual ‘pixels’ – typically 25–100 square kilometers in size. The information utilized includes crop production statistics, farming system characteristics, satellite-derived land cover data, biophysical crop suitability assessments, and population density. An application is presented in which Brazilian state level production statistics are used to generate pixel level crop production data for eight crops. To validate the spatial allocation we aggregated the pixel estimates to obtain synthetic estimates of municipality level production in Brazil, and compared those estimates with actual municipality statistics. The approach produced extremely promising results. We then examined the robustness of these results compared to short-cut approaches to allocating crop production statistics and showed that, while computationally intensive, the cross-entropy method does provide more reliable estimates of crop production patterns.     

安全监测技术在软基筑坝工程中的应用

在软土地基上修建50m以上的高坝．国内外尚没有先例；云南省务坪水库在软土地基上修建52m高坝的成功经验，为软基筑坝施工提供了科学的依据：安全监测技术的日益成熟和完善，为工程施工、运行提供了可靠的保障。以云南省务坪水库为例，阐述安全监测技术在软基筑坝上的应用和意义。     

小型水电厂监控系统方案及其通信

介绍小型水电厂监控系统方案及其通信软件设计。采用两级完全分布式监控方案，省去常规的当地控制单元（LCU）。监控IPC经CAN_BUS和RS485与具有不同通信协议的各种智能模块进行信息交互。监控软件的通信模块采用多线程技术有效地实现了人机交互及数据管理模块与通信模块分时多任务操作。给出了具体的实现方法。     

基于冠层温度和土壤墒情的实时监测与灌溉决策系统

设计了一个可以在线连续监测田间作物冠层温度、环境信息和土壤墒情的实时灌溉决策系统,并将其安装于农田进行了1 a实际运行和观测。系统采用太阳能供电和微处理器进行数据采集和管理,为野外的实际应用提供了保障。系统配置了红外温度、空气温/湿度、土壤水分/水势等传感器,能够及时采集田间全面的同步数据,排除了异地观测所形成的数据误差。采用悬臂式多点采集下垫面红外温度检测方法,可以快速采集更多和更高精度的数据,避免单点测量的人为误差。系统配备的快速锁紧装置,能够根据下垫面作物的生长情况进行传感器位置高度调节,使检测数据更符合田间实际情况。通过运行管理和监测数据分析可见,所监测数据能够很精细的刻画田间作物实际生长状况,可以用于灌区综合灌溉决策,实现田间精量灌溉管理和控制,为灌溉管理的精量化和智能化提供数据支持。     

基于多源数据融合的盐分遥感反演与季节差异性研究

为提高多光谱盐分遥感反演的精度,利用实测高光谱与多光谱进行数据融合,并分析了不同季节盐分遥感的差异性。以河套灌区永济灌域为研究区域,以实测光谱仪测定的土壤高光谱数据和Landsat-8 OLI多光谱数据为基础,通过光谱变换和多元逐步回归方法筛选特征波段和特征光谱指数,构建了春、秋两季土壤盐分多光谱、高光谱反演模型,并利用特征光谱指数的线性回归构建了高-多光谱数据融合反演模型。结果表明:高光谱的反射率总体比多光谱高36. 83%,春季反射率比秋季平均高23. 78%。利用模型中最优变量-特征光谱指数对多光谱模型与高光谱模型进行融合,高-多光谱融合反演模型训练集和验证集R2平均值分别为0. 651和0. 635,RMSE平均值分别为2. 44 g/kg和2. 49 g/kg,精度明显高于对应的多光谱反演模型,其中训练集、验证集的R2平均值分别提高了36. 19%和35. 64%,RMSE平均值分别降低了34. 28%和41. 72%。春季多光谱、高光谱和融合反演模型的精度均高于秋季,其中训练集R2平均值比秋季模型分别提高了6. 03%、6. 05%和4. 40%,验证集R2平均值分别提高了19. 07%、12. 21%和1. 75%。构建的高-多光谱融合模型反演灌域春秋两季平均盐分含量分别为6. 05、5. 97 g/kg,平均相对误差分别为9. 65%和10. 68%,总体上该区域春季土壤主要为重盐化土,秋季土壤主要为中盐化土。