Performance of DSSAT-Nwheat across a wide range of current and future growing conditions

Crop models are widely used in agricultural impact studies. However, many studies have reported large uncertainties from single-model-based simulation analyses, suggesting the need for multi-model simulation capabilities. In this study, the APSIM-Nwheat model was integrated into the Decision Support System for Agro-technology (DSSAT), which already includes two wheat models, to create multi-model simulation capabilities for wheat cropping systems analysis. The new model in DSSAT (DSSAT-Nwheat) was evaluated using more than 1000 observations from field experiments of 65 treatments, which included a wide range of nitrogen fertilizer applications, water supply (irrigation and rainout shelter), planting dates, elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, temperature variations, cultivars, and soil types in diverse climatic regions that represented the main wheat growing areas of the world.DSSAT-Nwheat reproduced the observed grain yields well with an overall root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.89 t/ha (13%). Nitrogen applications, water supply, and planting dates had large effects on observed biomass and grain yields, and the model reproduced these crop responses well. Crop total biomass and nitrogen uptake were reproduced well despite relatively poor simulations of observed leaf area measurements during the growing season. The low sensitivity of biomass simulations to poor simulations of leaf area index (LAI) were due to little changes in intercepted solar radiation at LAI >3 and water and nitrogen stress often limiting photosynthesis and growth rather than light interception at low LAI.The responses of DSSAT-Nwheat to temperature variations and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations were close to observed responses. When compared with the two other DSSAT-wheat models (CERES and CROPSIM), these responses were similar, except for the responses to hot environments, due to different approaches in modeling heat stress effects.The comprehensive evaluation of the DSSAT-Nwheat model with field measurements, including a comparison with two other DSSAT-wheat models, created a multi-model simulation platform that allows the quantification of model uncertainties in wheat impact assessments.     

赤峰市苦荞麦品种比较试验初报

为筛选赤峰市适宜种植的苦荞品种,2011年在赤峰市进行9个苦荞麦品种比较试验.结果表明：西荞1号、黔苦3号、苦荞04-46、川荞1号、黔苦5号、晋荞麦2号、西荞2号、六苦2081产量均比对照CK-10-2高,适宜当地推广种植.     

永定县烟后作稻氮磷钾肥料效试验研究

采用“3414”田间肥效试验方案,在3个试验点进行烟后作稻田间试验,研究永定县烟后作稻的氮磷钾肥效和最挂施用量.试验结果表明：合理施用氮磷钾肥可有效提高烟后作稻的产量,烟后作稻施用适量氮磷钾肥即处理6,可分别增产20.3％、4.9％和9.0％.在试验条件下,烟后作稻的氮磷钾经济施肥量为N 1116 kg/hm2、P2O531 kg/hm,2、K2O 81 kg/hm2、预计产量7 926 kg/hm2.     

肉牛源细极链格孢菌的分离鉴定

为鉴定肉牛皮肤病病原及其致病性并筛选其敏感药物,本研究取患皮肤病肉牛病变部位皮屑、毛发和痂皮进行病原菌的分离,并对分离菌株进行了形态学鉴定、ITS序列分析、小鼠致病性试验和药敏试验。结果显示分离到1株形态特征与细极链格孢菌极其相似的菌株(PY2-1-2);经PCR扩增、测序和BLAST序列比对,结果显示分离株(PY2-1-2)的ITS基因序列与细极链格孢菌(MG975630.1)的ITS基因序列的相似性为99%,分离株PY2-1-2的ITS基因序列长度为543 bp,该片段包括ITS1、5.8S rDNA和ITS2的全部基因序列以及18S rDNA和28S rDNA的部分基因序列,提交GenBank(MH656780.1)。根据形态学结合ITS基因序列分析结果确定该分离株为细极链格孢菌。小鼠致病性试验结果显示该菌对小鼠有致病性。药敏试验结果显示:该菌对灰黄霉素、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、酮康唑的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值分别为0.5μg/mL、4μg/mL、1μg/mL、1μg/mL。本研究为今后进一步探究细极链格孢菌引起的皮肤病诊治提供科学有效的参考。     

仙草多糖提取工艺条件优化研究

采用水提法浸提仙草，以仙草多糖的提取率为指标，研究料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间及浸提次数4个因素对其提取率的影响，并从中挑取合适的因素水平进行正交试验及SPSS分析。结果表明：在这4个因素中，对提取率影响最大的因素是浸提温度，然后是浸提时间，再次是料液比，最后是浸提次数；在料液比1:60、温度100 ℃、浸提时间3 h的最优条件下，仙草多糖的提取率高达17.89 %，此时仙草多糖的含量为44.13 %。     

YWS-1型烟田挖坑施肥机的研究设计与应用

为了更好地解决“烟草三农”问题，针对我国烟草种植落后的现状和发展趋势，研究和应用具有稳定挖坑和精量施肥等功能YWS-1型烟田挖坑施肥机。通过性能和生产试验测定和效益分析证明，该机具各项技术、性能指标符合设计要求，解决了烟草种植的问题，具有一定的创新特点和较好的推广和应用价值。     

Turbidity‐induced changes in emergent effects of multiple predators with different foraging strategies

Abstract – In natural systems, prey frequently interact with multiple predators and the outcome often cannot be predicted by summing the effects of individual predator species. Multiple predator interactions can create emergent effects for prey, but how those change across environmental gradients is poorly understood. Turbidity is an environmental factor in aquatic systems that may influence multiple predator effects on prey. Interactions between a cruising predator (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) and an ambush predator (muskellunge Esox masquinongy) and their combination foraging on a shared prey (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) were examined across a turbidity gradient. Turbidity modified multiple predator effects on prey. In clear water, combined predators consumed in total more prey than expected from individual predator treatments, suggesting risk enhancement for prey. In moderately turbid water, the predators consumed fewer prey together than expected, suggesting a risk reduction for prey. At high turbidity, there were no apparent emergent effects; however, the cruising predator consumed more prey than the ambush predator, suggesting an advantage for this predator. Understanding multiple predator traits across a gradient of turbidity increases our understanding of how complex natural systems function.     

汽车侧面碰撞中乘员约束系统的可靠性优化

在汽车侧面碰撞中，约束系统对降低乘员的伤害起到非常重要的作用.本文采用MADYMO仿真分析软件，建立某车型侧面碰撞的约束系统仿真模型；考虑了髋部推动块的压溃力、气囊起爆时间、气体质量流量和气袋排气孔面积对乘员损伤的影响，建立了乘员损伤指标的响应面模型；基于蒙特卡罗随机模拟，进行了侧面碰撞乘员约束系统的可靠性优化.结果表明，优化后的约束系统设计方案满足可靠性目标要求.     

试验条件对标准橡胶塑性初值和保持率的影响与分析

通过测试不同厚度的试样和改变相同厚度试样的老化时间及温度来验证和分析试样厚度对塑性初值（P0）、老化条件对塑性保持率（PRI）的影响。试验表明,在其它试验条件不变的情况下,试样厚度偏大塑性初值（P0）也相应偏大,老化时间越长和老化温度越高,老化后的P30和塑性保持率（PRI）就越小。