梨和苹果腐烂病菌不同培养表型菌株的致病性分析

The pathogenicity of three strains (F-SD-8, F-BJ-2c-2 and F-HN-2a-1) of Valsa mali var. pyri causing pear canker and one strain (F-SX-A6) of V. mali var. mali causing apple canker in China were comparatively tested by wound inoculation on in vitro twigs of pear, apple and some other woody plants, and in vivo twigs of pear. Significant pathogenicity differentiation was detected in V. mali var. pyri. Generally strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 were highly pathogenic on pear although their culturing characteristics differed greatly. The strain F-SX-A6 was more aggressive on apple than on pear, and the strain F-HN-2a-1 showed significant lower pathogenicity on ten pear cultivars and other seven species of woody plants. Our results confirmed that two variants of V. mali had host preference and were also aggressive to crabapple, apricot, and peach besides apple and pear. Meanwhile, strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 could induce the formation of pycnidia on in vivo twigs of pear, which was not observed on in vivo twigs inoculated with F-HN-2a-1 and F-SX-A6.     

渭北旱塬沟壑区苹果节水灌溉制度分析

为了探讨渭北旱塬沟壑区盛果期苹果不同水文年的节水灌溉制度,选取洛川县为代表性区域,利用该县近56年的月气象资料,基于水量平衡原理,分析了陕西省两个不同成熟期的苹果品种(中熟嘎拉、晚熟富士)在不同节水灌溉模式下(管灌、滴灌)各水文年的充分与非充分灌溉制度。结果表明:1不同成熟期苹果各水文年均应补灌,补灌时间和灌水量主要集中在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期。2中熟品种充分灌溉在湿润年、平水年、干旱年、特旱年的灌水次数分别为2、3、3、4次,相应灌溉定额滴灌为60、85、120、165 mm,管灌为90、130、180、245 mm;非充分灌溉各水文年的灌水次数为1、2、3、4次,相应灌溉定额滴灌为45、70、110、150 mm,管灌为65、110、170、220mm。3晚熟品种充分灌溉在相应水文年的灌水次数分别为2、3、4、4次,相应灌溉定额滴灌为65、90、125、160 mm,管灌为95、140、195、240 mm;非充分灌溉各水文年的灌水次数为2、3、3、4次,相应滴灌灌溉定额为55、75、120、150mm,管灌灌溉定额为85、125、175、220 mm。     

不同灌溉方式对苹果园土壤水分动态、耗水量和产量的影响

为探讨不同灌溉方式对苹果园土壤含水率、生育期耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2005年4～11月在密云水库上游地区新城子蔡家甸有机苹果基地布设了3种灌溉方式(管灌、滴灌和微喷灌)及对照(不灌溉)共4个处理、3个重复的对比试验.分别在苹果树开花期、枝条速长期、成熟期和封冻前灌水,依据不同灌溉方式的灌溉效率以及田间土壤实际含水率等因素确定灌水量.结果表明:(1)在3种灌溉方式处理中,微喷灌、滴灌处理的0～60 cm土层土壤含水率较高,入渗深度在80 cm以内,未产生水分深层渗漏.管灌向下入渗深度大于微喷灌和滴灌,达到120 cm.(2)在整个生育期内,微喷灌和滴灌处理比管灌节约灌水量分别是31.99%和49.83%;微喷灌和滴灌条件下果园耗水量较管灌分别减少11.52%和12.49%.(3)从产量来看,微喷灌、滴灌、管灌产量分别比对照高25.74%、9.99%和0.78%;微喷灌产量达到51 000 kg/hm2;其水分利用效率最高且达到9.288 kg/m3.总体看来,微喷灌是相对较好的节水增效灌溉方式,值得在果园灌溉中应用.     

滴灌施肥周期和毛管布设方式对苹果树细根直径时空分布的影响

为探明不同滴灌施肥策略对苹果树细根直径的调控效应,于2019—2021年开展二因素二水平完全组合设计田间试验,毛管布设方式设置一行一管和一行两管,施肥周期设置15 d和30 d,采用微根管原位监测技术,分苹果树正南、正西及东北3个方位和0～19、19～38、38～57、57～76 cm不同深度土层,持续观测苹果树活跃生长期内细根直径的动态变化,分析了苹果树细根直径对毛管布设方式和施肥周期的响应。结果表明：细根直径主要集中在0.5～1.5 mm范围内,约占90%,0～0.5 mm和1.5～2.0 mm直径的细根占比很少。在夏季之前,直径≤1.0 mm的细根增多;夏季之后,细根直径加粗,直径>1.0 mm的细根迅速增加。相较于施肥周期15 d,施肥周期30 d在2020年6—11月和2021年4—7月均能增加细根直径;在大部分土层中,施肥周期30 d会增加细根直径,施肥周期15 d会减小细根直径;在2020年正南和东北方向上,施肥周期15 d会减小细根直径,施肥周期30 d会增加细根直径。一行一管较一行两管在2020年和2021年8月均能增加细根直径;在浅中层土壤(0～38 cm土层...     

Induced resistance: a tool for fungicide resistance management

Induced resistance to the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis was demonstrated in greenhouse tests with 12-day-old seedlings of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious treated with methyl 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinate or 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid prior to inoculation with the causal fungus. Studies of the dose-response of flusilazole on induced resistant plants revealed synergistic effects between both crop protection principles. Therefore, the use of such resistance-inducing compounds in the field might allow a reduction in the number of fungicide applications, and possibly a reduction in dose, thus resulting in improved efficacy of fungicides. There was also evidence that induced resistance could prove to be a valid strategy for the treatment of pathogen populations with reduced sensitivity to a given fungicide. © 1998 SCI     

Heterogeneity of the aerial concentration and deposition of ascospores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia inaequalis</Emphasis> within a tree canopy during the rain

Scab is an important disease of apple and its control depends almost exclusively on frequent use of fungicides. Primary scab infection in the spring assumes several steps: ascospore maturation, liberation of ascospores that become airborne, deposition on susceptible tissues, and infection. However, the spatial heterogeneity of ascospores within the tree canopy is unknown. Aerial concentration of ascospore (ACA), ascospore concentration in rain water (ACR) and ascospore deposition (AD) were therefore measured at six heights (20–257 cm from the ground) with rotating-arm air samplers, funnels, and greased glass slides, respectively, during five rain events in 2001 and in 2002. In addition, ACR and AD were measured at eight locations within tree canopy at 196 cm height. Apple scab was assessed at the end of the primary infection period in each sampling location within the apple tree. A similar experimental design was used in 2003 to study the spatial heterogeneity of both AD and primary scab lesions. ACA and AD decreased with increasing height, while ACR increased with increasing height. Based on both variance to mean ratio and the power law relationship in both years, the ACR was heterogeneous, while AD was heterogeneous only during the peaks of ascospore release. The ACR was significantly higher at the centre of the trees and the AD was significantly higher at the centre and at the western edge of the trees. Only the cumulative AD was significantly correlated with apple scab lesions at the same location (r = 0.83). In 2003, a similar pattern of spatial heterogeneity within the tree canopy was observed for AD and primary scab lesion counts and there was a linear relationship (R ² = 0.84) between these two variables. It was concluded that ACR and AD within the tree canopy are not randomly distributed at least during peaks of ascospore release and that AD is a good estimate of primary scab lesion development. This spatial heterogeneity should be considered when estimating ascospore deposition using mathematical models or when quantifying ascosporic inoculum using spore samplers.     

苹果滴灌应用研究进展与述评

滴灌在国外各主要苹果生产国相当普遍 ,在我国目前还处于事实上的尝试阶段 ,但这一灌溉技术已经展示出多方面的优势和应用前景。随着经济实力的增强、科技装备水平的提高 ,滴灌技术必将在我国的苹果产业中发挥作用。文中 ,作者以近 2 0年间国内外的科技文献为据 ,综述了滴灌技术在苹果生产中的应用及相关研究 ,并对今后在这一领域的科研方向提出了见解。     

北海道9号苹果在冀北山地引种初报

为探讨北海道９号苹果在冀北山地推广的可能性，于１９９５￣１９９７年进行了引种观察，积累了试验数据。结果表明，北海道９号苹果抗寒性较强，丰产性能好，果实着色好，品质优良，可在冀北平泉县中部及其以南的区域进一步进行生产示范，建园方式采用以国光／海棠作基砧，用高接换头方法较好。     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

2,4—D和环割对苹果根系活力及多胺含量的影响

以盆栽二年生新红星苹果／湖北海棠为试材，１０月份部施用２，４－Ｄ３０μｇ．ｇ＾－１水溶液和主干环割，处理后第一周和第四周测定过渡根，延长根和吸收根内源多胺（精胺，亚精胺和腐胺）含量及根系活力。结果表明：２，４－Ｄ处理后第一周，根系活力和内源多胺含量升高；第四周除吸收根变化不明显外，其他两类根活力和内源多胺含量上升。统计分析表明，根系活力与内源多胺含量显著相关，相关系数由大到小依次是多胺总量〉精度〈