Residential movements of top predators in Chile’s most isolated marine protected area: Implications for the conservation of the Galapagos shark,Carcharhinus galapagensis,and the yellowtail amberjack,Seriola lalandi

1. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are becoming a widely used tool for the conservation of biodiversity and for fishery management; however, most of these areas are designed without prior knowledge of the basic ecological aspects of the species that they are trying to protect.
2. This study investigated the movement of two top predators: the Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis, and the yellowtail amberjack, Seriola lalandi, in and around the Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park (MMHMP) using MiniPAT satellite tags to determine the effectiveness of this MPA for the protection of these species.
3. The Galapagos sharks (n = 4) spent most of their tag deployment periods inside the MMHMP. However, high intraspecific variability was observed in their movement dynamics. Daily individual maximum movements ranged from 17 to 58 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island, the only emergent island within the MMHMP, ranged from 31 to 139 km.
4. The maximum linear distance travelled for a female juvenile Galapagos shark (152 cm total length) was 236 km, which is greater than the maximum distance previously documented for juveniles of this species (<50 km).
5. For the yellowtail amberjack (n = 1), 91% of the satellite geolocations were within the MMHMP, with a maximum daily distance travelled of 6 km. The maximum distance travelled between points was 111 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island was 62 km.
6. All archival tagged fish spent most of their time at depths of <50 m and never left the epipelagic zone. Daytime versus night-time differences were pronounced in all individuals but showed high interindividual variability.
7. This study provides a baseline on the movement of these two top predators in the MMHMP and provides valuable insights for the creation of MPAs in the region and elsewhere.

     

Predicting non‐native fish dispersal under conditions of climate change: case study in England of dispersal and establishment of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus in a floodplain pond

Predictions of future climate change include shifts in patterns of precipitation, evapotranspiration and water run‐off, resulting in increased periods of drought as well as variability and intensity of rainfall events. In the United Kingdom, the non‐native North American sunfish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (L.), is expected to benefit from these changes. We examine how hydrological variability induced by predicted changes in climate will affect the dispersal and spread of pumpkinseed in England by: (i) determining the relationship between discharge regime and pumpkinseed propagule pressure; (ii) examining a newly‐established pumpkinseed population following a flood event in 2007; and (iii) comparing the growth and life‐history traits of this new population with fish collected from the source population to demonstrate how the pumpkinseed's life‐history plasticity contributes to its success as a coloniser. Using Bayesian modelling, we determined that the number of pumpkinseed escapees is likely to increase with increasing discharge. The newly‐established pumpkinseed population showed fast juvenile growth, early age at maturity and small size at maturity. These traits differed significantly from the source population, specifically total length (TL) means at ages 1 and 2 were significantly greater in the new population, whereas TL at age 4 was significantly greater in the source population, and a significantly higher proportion of mature females were found at smaller size classes in the newly established pumpkinseed population. This study demonstrates the potential link between hydrological variability (current and future) and the dispersal of non‐native pumpkinseed, leading to the establishment of new populations.     

鲤、团头鲂精子生理生态特性的研究──Ⅲ．单糖和渗透压对精子活力的影响

作者观察了鲤、团头鲂精子在０（去离子水）－３００毫渗渗透压的Ｄ－半乳糖，Ｄ－葡萄糖和Ｄ－果糖溶液中的活动情况。结果表明，在这三种单糖溶液里，鲤、团头鲂精子活动的变化规律是一致的。精子快速运动和寿命的时间是以在Ｄ－半乳糖溶液中为最长。这两种鱼精子对这三种单糖的吸收、利用存在差别。     

土石坝坝体溢洪道底板动水压力的计算与修正

通过对已有溢流混凝土面板堆石坝模型试验成果的分析,发现当泄槽设置多道掺气挑坎时,由于掺气挑坎对水流的扰动影响,使得泄槽底板上的动水压强分布极不规则,作用于泄槽底板上动水压力的模型试验实测值与计算值相差较大,并随底板在泄槽中所处的位置而变化;根据模型试验实测值与计算值的对比,提出了计算底板动水压力时的修正建议。     

T形三通管计算模型对尾水进口压力和调压室涌浪的影响

针对含尾水调压室的抽水蓄能电站,以特征线法和瞬变流理论为理论基础,在考虑尾水调压室长连接管水体惯性作用及管壁弹性的基础上,在T形三通管节点处分别建立了基于恒定局部水头损失系数、Gardel公式、试验资料的3种计算模型.结合工程实例,应用T形三通管节点处的3种计算模型对水电站的过渡过程进行了数值模拟;采用Gardel公式和试验资料,计算了过渡过程中不同时刻点的局部水头损失系数,研究了不同计算模型对尾水进口压力水头和涌浪水位的影响.结果表明:基于恒定局部水头损失系数的计算模型其阻抗作用最小,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最大;基于试验资料的计算模型其阻抗作用最大,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最小;基于Gardel公式的计算模型次之.     

Assessing the influence of mechanical ventilation on blood gases and blood pressure in rattlesnakes

ObjectiveTo characterize the impact of mechanical positive pressure ventilation on heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, blood gases, lactate, glucose, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in rattlesnakes during anesthesia and the subsequent recovery period.Study designProspective, randomized trial.AnimalsTwenty one fasted adult South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus).MethodsSnakes were anesthetized with propofol (15 mg kg⁻¹) intravenously, endotracheally intubated and assigned to one of four ventilation regimens: Spontaneous ventilation, or mechanical ventilation at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ at 1 breath every 90 seconds, 5 breaths minute⁻¹, or 15 breaths minute⁻¹. Arterial blood was collected from indwelling catheters at 30, 40, and 60 minutes and 2, 6, and 24 hours following induction of anesthesia and analyzed for pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂, and selected variables. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded at 30, 40, 60 minutes and 24 hours.ResultsSpontaneous ventilation and 1 breath every 90 seconds resulted in a mild hypercapnia (PaCO₂ 22.4 ± 4.3 mmHg [3.0 ± 0.6 kPa] and 24.5 ± 1.6 mmHg [3.3 ± 0.2 kPa], respectively), 5 breaths minute⁻¹ resulted in normocapnia (14.2 ± 2.7 mmHg [1.9 ± 0.4 kPa]), while 15 breaths minute⁻¹ caused marked hypocapnia (8.2 ± 2.5 mmHg [1.1 ± 0.3 kPa]). Following recovery, blood gases of the four groups were similar from 2 hours. Anesthesia, independent of ventilation was associated with significantly elevated glucose, lactate and potassium concentrations compared to values at 24 hours (p < 0.0001). MAP increased significantly with increasing ventilation frequency (p < 0.001). HR did not vary among regimens.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMechanical ventilation had a profound impact on blood gases and blood pressure. The results support the use of mechanical ventilation with a frequency of 1–2 breaths minute⁻¹ at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ during anesthesia in fasted snakes.     

Climate Aid Will Neither Support Forests nor the Poor: No Hope for Saving the World's Forests

Political themes undergo specific political careers. They enter and leave political agendas. Themes in development policy are, for example, biodiversity, climate change, or deforestation. While political themes change, underlying principles of aid disbursement do not. Currently the discussion on Climate Aid, in particular the reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, puts again the emphasis to deforestation. Deforestation is a prominent theme, often defined as a “forest problem,” by foreign aid policies on forestry. Foresters are once again dubbed as being able to “save the World” all on their own. In fact, it is not them who on decide the priorities of foreign (aid) policy. The decisions made about cooperating countries and thematic areas do not stem from problem pressure. Political factors dominate the program formulation and financing. Analyses of European donors' forest aid reveal that, contrary to what is defined in policies, disbursements to countries, relevant to deforestation, are not prioritized. Also the goal of poverty alleviation is not served. Most of the funds are spent in countries of already relatively high human development. Countries with “rampant” corruption are given handouts as well as small island developing countries. On the basis of these results we can draw conclusions on the ability and efficiency of (future) Climate Aid that is hoped to serve forests and the poor.     

高精度气动比例压力阀设计与特性分析

设计了一种两级阀芯活塞式结构的以比例电磁铁为控制元件,采用电反馈闭环控制的高精度气动比例压力阀。该阀输出压力在0.6MPa内连续可调,且稳态精度可达0.25 kPa。建立了比例阀完整的非线性动态模型,分析了主要物理和几何参数对系统动态特性和控制性能的影响;构建了输出因子调整的模糊自适应比例加积分控制器,并利用ATmega16单片机实现了压力在设定范围内的快速高精度控制。实验结果表明,该阀在设计压力范围内具有良好的压力和流量特性;和传统PI算法相比,输出因子调整的模糊自适应算法在改善系统响应和控制稳定性的同时,显著提高了稳态控制精度,具有较高的效率和鲁棒性。     

低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性

初步分析了低扬程泵及泵装置压力脉动的基本规律. 基于浙江姚江上游西排工程排涝泵站立式泵装置不同叶片角度和不同流量时的压力脉动特性模型试验结果,研究泵装置的叶轮室进口、叶轮室出口、导叶体出口和出水流道出口处的压力脉动规律. 从叶轮与导叶之间的水流条件、水泵运行工况等方面,对低扬程泵装置压力脉动进行了初步理论分析,提出了导叶体与叶轮间隙的大小、导叶体的叶片数对低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性的影响等需进一步研究的问题. 从水力因素和水泵制造等方面提出了避免低扬程泵装置压力脉动有害影响的对策:适当加大叶轮与导叶之间的间隙,避免水泵在偏离最优工况较多的条件下运行,提高水泵抗空化性能等;从避免产生共振的角度,提出适当加大叶轮叶片厚度、导叶叶片厚度和加强水泵的结构设计等措施.     

北五味子高压醋蒸炮制加工工艺研究

探讨五味子的最佳高压醋蒸工艺。以五味子总木脂素、五味子醇甲及五味子乙素为指标,选择闷润时间、蒸制时间、醋的用量3个因素,以L9（3^4）正交设计表,采用方差分析方法,对五味子进行醋蒸工艺的优选。最佳醋蒸工艺为加入30％醋,拌匀闷润3h,蒸制1h。采用优选的炮制工艺能有效保证醋制北五味子中木脂素含量,为饮片质量标准制定及临床应用提供依据。