Yield and water-production functions of two durum wheat cultivars grown under different irrigation and nitrogen regimes

Wheat (Triticum durum L.) yields in the semi-arid regions are limited by inadequate water supply late in the cropping season. Planning suitable irrigation strategy and nitrogen fertilization with the appropriate crop phenology will produce optimum grain yields. A 3-year experiment was conducted on deep, fairly drained clay soil, at Tal Amara Research Station in the central Bekaa Valley of Lebanon to investigate the response of durum wheat to supplemental irrigation (IRR) and nitrogen rate (NR). Three water supply levels (rainfed and two treatments irrigated at half and full soil water deficit) were coupled with three N fertilization rates (100, 150 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and two cultivars (Waha and Haurani) under the same cropping practices (sowing date, seeding rate, row space and seeding depth). Averaged across N treatments and years, rainfed treatment yielded 3.49 Mg ha⁻¹ and it was 25% and 28% less than half and full irrigation treatments, respectively, for Waha, while for Haurani the rainfed treatment yielded 3.21 Mg ha⁻¹, and it was 18% and 22% less than half and full irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, N fertilization of 150 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹ increased grain yield in Waha by 12% and 16%, respectively, in comparison with N fertilization of 100 kg N ha⁻¹, while for cultivar Haurani the increases were 24% and 38%, respectively. Regardless of cultivar, results showed that supplemental irrigation significantly increased grain number per square meter and grain weight with respect to the rainfed treatment, while nitrogen fertilization was observed to have significant effects only on grain number per square meter. Moreover, results showed that grain yield for cultivar Haurani was less affected by supplemental irrigation and more affected by nitrogen fertilization than cultivar Waha in all years. However, cultivar effects were of lower magnitude compared with those of irrigation and nitrogen. We conclude that optimum yield was produced for both cultivars at 50% of soil water deficit as supplemental irrigation and N rate of 150 kg N ha⁻¹. However, Harvest index (HI) and water use efficiency (WUE) in both cultivars were not significantly affected neither by supplemental irrigation nor by nitrogen rate. Evapotranspiration (ET) of rainfed wheat ranged from 300 to 400 mm, while irrigated wheat had seasonal ET ranging from 450 to 650 mm. On the other hand, irrigation treatments significantly affected ET after normalizing for vapor pressure deficit (ET/VPD) during the growing season. Supplemental irrigation at 50% and 100% of soil water deficit had approximately 26 and 52 mm mbar⁻¹ more ET/VPD, respectively, than those grown under rainfed conditions.     

动物生物安全二级实验室建设探讨

为满足兽用生物制品免疫攻毒试验需求,参照实验动物设施建设相关国家标准及生物安全实验室建筑技术规范,设计和建设了一个双走廊模式、屏障环境、符合生物安全二级要求的动物生物安全二级实验室(ABSL-2),可满足使用清洁级以上的实验动物进行的感染性试验的需求。本文针对ABSL-2的设施设计要点、生物安全控制等相关理念和内容进行了阐述,强调建设过程应高度关注生物安全防护问题,以期为建设相关单位建设实验室提供信息参考。     

前桥摆转式四驱底盘背压控制系统研究

前桥摆转式四驱底盘采用发动机-CVT-定量泵为动力源,轮边液压马达为驱动装置的开式液压阀控系统驱动,需要解决底盘在负负载工况下马达超速的问题。为此,提出一种通过对行走马达进油压力实时监测实现液压系统回油背压控制策略,并根据该控制策略为该底盘设计了一回油背压控制系统。通过AMEsim构建了整机的液压力学模型,分析了行走马达在不同工况下的液压特性,制定了回油背压控制策略。对背压控制系统进行了软硬件的设计,并进行样机试验,验证了该系统控制策略的正确性。实现了样机在正负载行驶时能得到最低的回油背压,保证能量利用最大化;样机在负负载行驶时,选择合适的回油背压,确保液压马达在安全范围内运转。     

马铃薯Y病毒中国分离物的分子株系组成

 马铃薯Y病毒(potato virus Y,PVY)主要侵染马铃薯和烟草等茄科作物,给世界农业造成巨大经济损失。本文对测定的23个及GenBank中注册的52个中国PVY分离物ORF序列进行了系统发育、重组和选择压等分析。系统发育分析表明,根据ORF序列可把我国75个PVY分离物和国外30个参比分离物分成O、C、E、NTN-NW(SYR-I型)、NTN-NW(SYR-II型)、NTN(NTN-a型)、NTN(NTN-b型)、NA-N/NTN、Eu-N、N-Wi(N:O型)和N-Wi(N-Wi型)等11个分子株系,其中中国PVY分离物属于除E和C株系外的9个分子株系。除ME162、guiyang、PVYzu、SD-G、WA-13和CN:JL-1:17等 6个分离物基因组中未检测到重组,其余69个分离物均存在明显重组。根据重组位点的不同,中国PVY可分为11种重组类型,其中5种为新的重组类型。选择压分析表明,中国PVY分离物的11个基因均处于负选择,其中核内含体b基因受到的选择压最大,PIPO受到的选择压最小。基因流分析表明,黑龙江、河南和山东PVY分离物间基因交流频繁,马铃薯与烟草PVY分离物之间基因交流频繁。本研究的结果明确了中国PVY分离物的分子株系组成,对指导PVY的检测和防控具有积极作用。     

Psychoacoustical evaluation of floor-impact sounds from wood-framed structures

Floor-impact sounds may introduce noise problems in dwelling-type environments. In particular, floor-impact sounds from lightweight structures like wood-framed buildings should be paid significant attention. In this study, such floor-impact sounds were investigated from the viewpoint of residents. The floor specifications of wood-framed structures were improved by using high-density underlay, and heavy floor-impact sounds were evaluated by using both psychoacoustical and conventional methods. The results showed that the floor-impact sound insulation grades specified in the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) did not correspond to the floor specifications of wood-framed structures. The nonstationary loudness, which is a psychoacoustical index for nonstationary sounds, changed with the specifications of wood-framed structures in a wider range of floor-impact sound levels in comparison with the maximum A-weighted sound pressure level, which is a single-number index of the JIS.     

气液两相流持液率及压降特性的试验研究

研究了不同流型下压力降与持液率的特点,以及压降脉动信号的方差与持液率、气、液相流量之间的关系.试验结果表明,分层流动的持液率值最高,平均压降最低;环状流动持液率值最低,平均压降值最高;段塞流动位于两者之间.分层流压降脉动信号的方差很小,随气、液量和持液率的变化小;段塞流压降脉动信号的方差最大,随气相流量和持液率的变化而变化较大,在相同气量下,方差随持液率的增大而增大,在相同持液率下,方差也随气量的增大而增大;环状流的方差在分层流和段塞流之间,气相流量的变化对压降脉动信号的方差的影响小,但液相流量的变化对其影响较大,随着液相流量和持液率的增大,压降脉动信号的方差会增大.     

我国天然气输送管道发展方向及相关技术问题

通过增大管径或压力提高天然气管道的输送效率,成为天然气管道工业的发展方向,国内外天然气管道正在向1422mm管径或12MPa以上压力发展。分析了现有制管、设备、施工、设计方法、运行要求等方面存在的制约因素,针对性地提出改善措施和建议。重点讨论了国内外X100钢级管线钢的研究应用现状,以及制约其大规模工业应用的关键问题,提出研究应用建议,指出在设计中应引入基于可靠性的设计和评价方法,以适应大管径、高压力、高钢级管道建设的需要。     

Upland agriculture,the land frontier and forest decline in the Philippines

Population pressure, expansion of small-scale agriculture and shifting cultivation are commonly cited as the causes of tropical deforestation. A close examination of deforestation and agriculture in the Philippine uplands reveals, however, that the vast majority of agriculturists must be sedentary farmers. In addition, the importance of population pressure as a cause of deforestation in the Philippines cannot be supported by the available evidence. Lastly, the concept of arable land is shown to be of limited value in discussing upland agriculture in the Philippines.     

多因素下全射流喷头射程计算模型及试验

为了深入研究多因素条件下全射流喷头射程公式,预测全射流喷头射程模型.采用组合法对全射流喷头射程进行试验设计,包括测量喷嘴直径、喷头仰角、工作压力、安装高度等因素,总结全射流喷头射程在不同因素下的变化规律,利用1stOpt软件进行数据分析得到全射流喷头射程计算公式,并利用此公式与当前常用的2个喷头射程公式进行对比分析.结果表明:随着工作压力的变化射程出现较大的变化,喷头射程随喷头仰角的增大呈先增大后减小的抛物线型变化,喷头安装高度对射程的影响较小,喷嘴直径越大喷头射程越大.全射流喷头射程与单个因素之间的关系与所建立的模型拟合较好,呈幂函数关系,计算射程与试验射程相差小于8%,研究结果可为全射流喷头射程的预测提供理论依据.