基于电容测量的精密播种机监测系统研究

针对光电法精密播种机监测系统易受田间灰尘影响的缺点,提出了基于电容测量的新型精密播种机监测方法,研制了精密播种机排种监测系统,根据电容的实时变化,实现播种性能监测,完成种箱排空和排种管阻塞等造成的漏播情况报警.实验表明,该系统能够有效地提高排种监测的可靠性.     

上海水稻精量机械穴直播技术研究与应用

以上海地区主推水稻品种为材料,在精量机械穴直播条件下,开展了不同类型水稻品种的小区试验和示范,明确了精量机械穴直播水稻的生育特性、抗倒伏性、群体建成和产量表现,并分析了采用水稻精量机械穴直播后土壤的微生物群落结构的变化和水稻生产经济效益。试验示范结果表明,精量机械穴直播水稻生育期明显缩短,单株分蘖力强,群体结构合理,穗粒结构协调,干物质积累多,抗倒能力较强,增产优势明显,节本低耗,生产效率显著提高,是目前极具生产潜力的一种新型高效低耗种植模式,适合上海都市农业发展的需求,也顺应了水稻低碳种植发展趋势,具有广阔的应用前景。     

精准施药中叶面积指数探测研究

精准施药技术的研究以提高农药的利用率为目的,是精准施药的发展方向。果树叶面积指数能为精准施药提供重要参考依据,通过叶面积指数及生物量探测可以进行大面积果树的长势监测并计算其药量的需求,进而对作物进行指导性施药。为此,结合国内外研究现状阐述了各类叶面积指数探测技术和计算方法,分析了精准施药技术中靶标探测的方法及叶面积指数探测在精准施药中的应用,并对精准变量施药中叶面积指数探测方法进行了展望。     

基于数字PI算法的精准施肥控制系统设计及仿真

为了使施肥速度与机器行进速度同步,提出了一种基于数字PI算法的闭环施肥系统,主要由传感器、PLC、脉宽调制电机驱动器(PWM驱动器)、GPRS模块及直流无刷电机组成。通过检测拖拉机的速度信号及外槽轮转速,PLC根据所输入决策经PWM驱动器对外槽轮下料速度进行闭环控制,从而实现精准施肥。仿真实验结果表明:基于数字PI算法的闭环控制系统提高了施肥精度和响应速度,机具操作简单,在田间工作性能稳定。     

精密播种制钵机的机构设计及计算机辅助分析

目前,我国农业育苗播种中,所采用的播种制钵机还属于机械化范畴,不具有自动化水平,不能有效实现精密播种需求。为此,分析精密播种制钵机优化设计的需求,并结合Pro/Engineer软件辅助分析,优化了设计参数。结果表明:设计出的精密播种制钵机的机械结构简单、性价比高,降低了使用中钵体的破损率(降低12.0%),提升制钵机工作可靠性(提升2 0.0%),具有较大的经济效益。基于计算机辅助分析方法 ,优化设计精密播种制钵机的机构,可提升精密播种制钵机应用性能。     

精准变量施肥机的研制与试验

该文针对传统均匀施肥，没有考虑土壤肥力不一致的特点，介绍了一种可与国产拖拉机配套实现变量施肥的施肥机，该施肥机在GPS导航系统的帮助下可以按照预先设计的处方图实现变量施肥。机械采用国产的普通外槽轮作为变量施肥机的肥料计量装置，通过调整外槽轮的转动速度达到调整肥料量的目的。对变量施肥机械在田间的作业原理和机械的基本结构进行了详尽的介绍。针对变量施肥机施用肥料的种类不同，试验了在不同槽轮转速情况下，使用不同肥料排肥数量的变化情况。试验证明在施用尿素时要增加槽轮的排肥槽长度，在施用磷酸二铵等不规则的肥料时，应力求减少排肥槽轮的长度，通过增加槽轮转速达到提高排肥计量系统的精度。     

基于电子经纬仪及PDA自动量测的电子角规测树原理、功能及精度研究

针对常规角规测树较为粗放的现状,为了满足精准林业的需要,实现单木和林分精准测量,该文以电子经纬仪和掌上电脑为硬件,经PDA编程开发,形成电子角规测树系统,充分发挥了电子经纬仪精密的测角功能和PDA强大的数据处理和存贮功能.利用电子角规可获得树木树干的胸径、树高、任意处直径和材积,树冠部分的表面积和体积,林分的胸高断面积、林分平均高、平均株数、蓄积量和生长量等数据.经过分析,电子角规测树精度为1/7 000,而比特利希角规测树精度总误差达1/32,电子角规的测树精度比普通角规高出200倍以上,其速度也较快.     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils by precision management

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions make up a significant part of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches to the mitigation of these emissions with emerging technology. In this short review four approaches to precision managements of agricultural systems are described based on examples of work being undertaken in the UK and New Zealand. They offer the opportunity for N₂O mitigation without any reduction in productivity. These approaches depend upon new sensor technology, modeling and spatial information with which to make management decisions and interventions that can both improve agricultural productivity and environmental protection.     

Improved Prediction and Reduction of Sampling Density for Soil Salinity by Different Geostatistical Methods

The spatial estimation for soil properties was improved and sampling intensities also decreased in terms of incorporated auxiliary data. In this study, kriging and two interpolation methods were proven well to estimate auxiliary variables： cokriging and regression-kriging, and using the salinity data from the first two stages as auxiliary variables, the methods both improved the interpolation of soil salinity in coastal saline land. The prediction accuracy of the three methods was observed under different sampling density of the target variable by comparison with another group of 80 validation sample points, from which the root-mean-square error （RMSE） and correlation coefficient （r） between the predicted and measured values were calculated. The results showed, with the help of auxiliary data, whatever the sample size of the target variable may be, cokriging and regression-kriging performed better than ordinary kriging. Moreover, regression-kriging produced on average more accurate predictions than cokriging. Compared with the kriging results, cokriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 23.3 to 29% and increasing r from 16.6 to 25.5%, regression-kriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 25 to 41.5% and increasing r from 16.8 to 27.2%. Therefore, regression-kriging shows promise for improved prediction for soil salinity and reduction of soil sampling intensity considerably while maintaining high prediction accuracy. Moreover, in regression-kriging, the regression model can have any form, such as generalized linear models, non-linear models or tree-based models, which provide a possibility to include more ancillary variables.     

全站仪中间法高程测量及其精度探讨

通过对全站仪中间法高程测量方法的研究,推导了全站仪中间法高程测量的公式,并运用误差传播定律得出高程测量精度公式,分析并计算了各因素对高程测量精度的影响．通过实验验证,认为在一定范围内全站仪代替水准仪进行高程测量可达到三、四等水准测量的要求,并提出提高高程测量精度的几点建议．