基于PhotoScan的径流小区三维重建参数优化

提高径流小区数字地面模型精度是应用三维重建技术研究面蚀细沟间与细沟侵蚀过程的关键。以位于黑龙江省海伦市的中国科学院海伦水土保持监测研究站的裸地小区为研究对象,以验证点与控制点误差比和数字高程模型（Digital elevation model,DEM）误差为指标,优化Agisoft PhotoScan三维重建径流小区的处理参数,降低DEM误差。PhotoScan的精度参数和相机模型设置对DEM误差有较大影响。优化后的验证点与控制点误差比降低35%,改善了径流小区DEM对地面控制点的过度拟合。优化后的相机模型包含焦距、像主点、径向畸变、切向畸变等。基于单点和点云的验证结果表明,优化过程误差降低约40%。相对于默认参数设置下的验证点误差（20.0mm）,优化后的验证点误差为11.0mm,与细沟侵蚀深度标准相当（沟深大于等于10mm）,因此优化后的径流小区三维重建过程更适宜于细沟侵蚀过程的三维表达。     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

数字化人体模型在车身逆向布置中的应用

以人体参数为依据建立的数字化人体模型能有效的描述人体的形态特性.本文在CATIA人机工程模块中,建立了人群文件,生成自定义的三维数字化人体模型。在此基础上建立了满足不同百分位需求的参数化人体模型。以某汽车为对象,根据SAE标准,综合考虑了踏板行程、汽车视野和上下肢舒适性等因素对驾驶员的影响,最终得到满足各种约束的驾驶员最佳舒适性H点区域。论文研究为针对不同地区人群特性对车型进行逆向开发和逆向布置提供了很好的参考。     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Understanding farmers’ potato production practices and use of improved varieties in Chencha,Ethiopia

This study was carried out to better understand non-adoption of improved varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and associated technologies by smallholder farmers in Chencha, Ethiopia. Data were collected through a survey (n = 47) and in-depth interviews (n = 20). It shows how wealth status was a factor of major importance. Most wealthy and some medium-wealthy farmers adopted improved potato varieties and many of the improved production practices; they had access to seed, associated knowledge and support, and sufficient resources that were necessary to apply the improved practices. Non-adoption was common among many medium-wealthy and most poor farmers: they lacked—next to access to the technologies and knowledge—cash, land, and labor. Results indicated the need to rethink research and intervention efforts. Next to paying attention to differences in the access to technology and the related knowledge, there is a need to consider the variation in technology needs, supporting microcredit services, and room to experiment. As a result, different combinations of improved production practices may be adopted.     

Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.     

多邻域保持嵌入的人脸识别方法

现有流形学习算法在学习人脸数据时,假设所有数据点位于单一低维嵌入流形之上,当数据点实际分布在不同的流形上时,单流形假设就会影响数据真实空间结构。为此提出一种基于多邻域保持嵌入（multiple neighborhood preserving embedding, M-NPE）的学习算法来发现不同类别数据在不同维度的低维嵌入空间中分布的多流形结构。首先,单独学习不同类别数据的流形,得到反映其本质特征的流形;再通过遗传算法搜索每个流形的最优维数;最后依据最小重构误差分类器对样本分类。在Extended Yale B和CMU PIE这2个大型人脸库上实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

江苏省空中云水资源评估

研究旨在定量化评估江苏省空中云水资源可开发量及基本特征。根据云水收支方程,将参与大气云水循环且未降落到地面的资源定义为空中云水资源。利用1981—2010年EAR-Interim高分辨率再分析资料的风场及云含水量,计算江苏上空云水资源年均总量、时空特征及变化趋势。结果表明,资源年均总量353.1亿t,春夏季偏多,秋冬季偏少,开发潜力巨大。旱期(缺水期)沿淮淮北最多,达70.8亿t,沿海垦区、苏南环太湖次之;非旱期总量约占全年58.3%。近30年,云水资源呈下降趋势,平均每10年减少18亿t。建议加大开发力度,实现常态化开发利用,率先建立淮北、沿海、环太湖开发利用重点作业区,加强开发利用技术研究,提高开发效率。     

夏季积层混合云降水的宏微观特征及人工增雨可播性研究

为了使FY-2C/D 卫星资料反演云系微物理特征参数更好地应用于人工影响天气作业中,利用2010 年8 月17—19 日山西夏季积层混合云降水过程的雷达、卫星、机载云物理探测平台的综合探测资料,对云系演变特征、人工增雨的可播性以及催化效果进行分析。结果表明：云系维持时间达35 h,17日白天到夜间云层不断增厚,云粒子有效半径(Re)稳定变化较小,降水少,云系的自然降水过程较弱,具有较好的增雨作业潜力。8 月17 日白天云顶温度-10℃,云滴有效半径小于12 μm,云系密实,云中过冷水含量丰沛,大粒子与冰晶含量较少;夜晚在高云的播种效应之下,产生较大降水;持续稳定的中低层状云系存在较好的增雨作业机会。综合分析可知,适宜于这次夏季积层混合云降水人工催化条件的卫星判据为：云系厚度大于2 km,云顶温度-10~-20℃,云顶云粒子有效半径小于15 μm。     

不同冰温温度对山楂果实生理及品质的影响

为延长山楂果实的保鲜期,提高果实贮藏品质,筛选适宜山楂果实冰温温度参数。在以普通冷藏(0±0.5)℃,以及果实温度为-0.4、-1.0、-1.6℃的4个不同温度的贮藏条件下,对贮藏期间‘敞口’山楂果实采后生理及品质变化进行研究。结果表明,-1.0℃的冰温处理降低了山楂果实的乙烯生成速率和最大生成量,减缓了果肉硬度、可滴定酸(TA)和维生素C(Vc)含量的下降,有效抑制了果肉中丙二醛(MDA)的积累,减轻了贮藏后期多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的上升和酚类物质含量的减少,进而延缓了山楂果实的生理衰老进程,维持了山楂果实的良好贮藏品质;而在贮藏160天后,-1.6℃的冰温处理的山楂果实乙烯释放峰值显著增高,TA和Vc降解迅速,MDA含量显著上升,PPO活性明显上升和酚类物质含量迅速减少,加速了果实的褐变速率,生理伤害症状明显,品质劣变严重。综上所述,在-1.0℃的冰温条件下,山楂果实生理代谢被有效抑制且未出现生理伤害,贮藏效果最佳。