不同光源下TiO_2膜对MC-RR光催化降解的比较研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米级的锐钛矿型TiO2膜,利用纯化的MC-RR分别研究了该膜在太阳光、UVA和UVC三种光源下对MC-RR的催化降解行为。结果表明,太阳光下TiO2膜对MC-RR的催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学,而在UVA和UVC下符合二级反应。不同光源下TiO2膜的催化效果差别较大,在太阳光下催化效果最为明显,反应速率常数由5.12×10-5·min-1增加到5.49×10-3·min-1,增加了两个数量级;UVA次之,由6.0×10-4L·mg-1·min-1增加到1.55×10-3L·mg-1·min-1,增加了1.6倍;而在UVC下,反应速率常数由3.2×10-2L·mg-1·min-1减小到1.98×10-2L·mg-1·min-1,减小了近38%,说明在UVC下TiO2膜具有抑制作用。尽管如此,MC-RR在UVC下的反应仍然是最快的,光照60min后降解率达到90.7%,其次是UVA,60min后降解率为49.5%,而太阳光下仅为31.2%。在应用TiO2膜光催化氧化法去除MC的过程中,应综合考虑能耗、水质指标以及设备投资等因素,选择合适的光源,以免降低MC的去除效率或增加能耗。     

季节性干旱丘区稻田麦秸覆盖的节水效应研究

2004~2005在季节性干旱的丘陵地区对麦秸覆盖稻作的节水效应进行了研究。结果表明:在该生态区采用旱育秧技术,培育多蘖壮秧,旋耕后采用宽窄行移栽,田间苗数达到225×104.hm-2时用等面积的小麦秸秆全量覆盖宽行的技术模式,可节水30.04%,增产5.88%,水分生产率提高0.52 kg.m-3,灌溉水的水分生产率提高1.24 kg.m-3;全程节本增效1129.70元.hm-2。稻田麦秸覆盖的节水效果与秧苗栽插方式有关,与麦秸还田量成正相关;翻耕比免耕节水、高产高效。     

不同条件下覆膜对春小麦产量和水分利用的影响

通过大田实验研究了不同条件下覆膜对春小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响。覆膜处理均在播种后62d揭膜。由于底墒较差,覆膜后土壤干旱加剧,导致全生育期耗水量分配不合理,使前期增长的根系在中后期成为生长的冗余,进而影响水分利用效率和产量。     

地膜秸秆生化覆盖技术及综合效应的探索与创新

地膜秸秆生化覆盖技术是当前旱地农业生产中诸多技术增产最大而且持久的一项技术。为使这项技术不断提高效应,深化发展,因地制宜合理推广,在十几年的探索与推广过程中,客观地分析县情,大胆创新,根据本县海拔、气候差异较大的特殊条件,提出不同区域采取的最佳覆盖形式,并创新推广地膜、秸秆聚肥蓄水二元双层覆盖技术,适应于旱作地区普遍推广。克服了单项覆盖技术的局限性,提高了二者覆盖技术增产增收的综合效应。     

电影译名的“形似”与“神似”

常见的电影译名方法有直译法、意译法和重命名,也有直译法和意译法兼用的。不管采用何种翻译方法,都要忠实于原片内容——主题思想,注意言简意赅,力求"形似"与"神似",做到"信、达、雅"。     

不同施氮水平对机插和覆膜机插水稻生长和产量的影响

为明确不同施氮水平下生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和产量的影响,2019年和2020年在中国水稻研究所富阳试验基地开展大田试验,设置普通机插条件下0及13 kg/667 m²两个氮肥水平,生物可降解膜覆盖机插种植下13 kg/667 m²和 11 kg/667 m² 两个氮肥水平。结果表明,相同施氮量下,与不覆膜相比,覆膜机插水稻产量2019年和2020年分别增加6.1%和2.6%,成熟期干物质积累量分别增加17.4%和5.3%;在覆膜机插条件下,氮肥减施15%,与氮肥不减施处理相比水稻产量及干物质积累量差异不大,但氮肥偏生产力显著提高,说明覆膜机插在保障一定产量的条件下,能够减少氮肥施用,避免过量施肥造成环境污染,为水稻稳产和绿色高效提供一种新的种植方式。     

微观水分和养分条件对铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体裂解宿主过程的影响

摘 要：【目的】研究不同水分和养分条件下,细菌和噬菌体的生长和运移规律、细菌和噬菌体种群互作过程以及其对群落结构的影响和调控机制。【方法】通过控制微生物运动平板表面相对水膜厚度研究铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1）和铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体PA-27-1（Pseudomonas phage PA-27-1）的互作过程。【结果】细菌和噬菌体的互作主要受噬菌体裂解细菌、细菌的运动和噬菌体扩散三个因素控制。水分通过调控多孔表面水膜的厚度和连通性来改变细菌在微孔尺度的运动,进而影响微生物在粗糙界面的增殖和生物膜的形成过程以及菌落的形态特征,同时通过影响噬菌体的扩散传播来调节细菌和噬菌体之间的互作机制。细菌与噬菌体自身运动性及个体大小上的不同也导致二者在微观孔隙中增殖（扩散）特征的差异。相对低水膜网络促进了细菌和噬菌体之间的空间隔离,降低了噬菌体有效侵染细菌的概率,从而有利于细菌的增殖。丰富的养分条件有利于细菌生物量的快速繁殖,进而促进噬菌体的增殖。【结论】本研究揭示了环境生物膜等微生境中噬菌体和宿主细菌的生长和运移规律,有助于为深入理解土壤噬菌体的时空分布特征与演变规律以及其与土壤细菌之间的互作模式提供理论基础和数据支撑。     

Hydrus-2D模拟起垄覆膜处理对夏玉米生育期水量平衡的影响

为探究起垄和覆膜处理对辽西北半干旱区夏玉米生育期水量平衡的影响,该研究在建平县节水灌溉试验站将田间试验与Hydrus-2D模拟相结合,探究各典型年夏玉米生育期水量平衡的变化规律。结果表明：Hydrus-2D模型能够有效地对起垄和覆膜处理后夏玉米生育期的下垫面降雨入渗过程进行模拟,各下垫面实测值与模拟值的R²均不小于0.87,均方根误差均小于0.01 cm³/cm³;覆膜后各典型年的蒸发量平均减少52.24 mm,蒸腾量平均增加31.84 mm;覆膜会抑制多日持续降雨期间的深层渗漏速率,促进单日超过40 mm降雨的雨后深层渗漏速率;覆膜能减少作物生育期的农田耗水量（蒸发量,蒸腾量和深层渗漏量之和）,使各典型年的平均农田耗水量减少25.74 mm,增加覆膜垄作处理的覆膜宽度能够进一步减少作物生育期的农田耗水量。因此,在辽西北半干旱区进行起垄和覆膜对缓解该地区的农业缺水紧张情势,丰富农田生育期水分转化结构的相关理论具有重要作用。     

Influence of surface printing materials on the degradability of biodegradable plastic films in soil

Effect of surface printing on the biodegradability of plastic films was studied. Biodegradable films (polybutylene-succinate (PBS)) printed with four kinds of gravure inks were placed in soil for 1 year. The inks consisted of carbon black-pigment with four kinds of resins: poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), nitrocellulose-polyamide blended resin (NT), polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (V), and nitrocellulose (NC). Degradation of film specimens printed on one side and both sides as well as the control film without printing was monitored every 3 months by collecting sample specimens for the measurement of weight loss. No appreciable degradation was observed until 6 months after placement in soil for the control specimens and until 9 months for the printed specimens. And the degradation of the PCL- and NC-printed specimens with one-side printing and V-printed specimens with both-side printing was significantly slower than that of the control specimens without printing after 9-month placement at p < 0.05. Only after 12 months of placement, was the degradation significantly faster for the specimens printed on one side than for those printed on both sides except of the specimens printed with NC. There was no difference in biodegradability among PCL, NT, NC, and V resins. Specimens printed on both sides did not show any appreciable weight loss after 1 year in soil (percentage of maintenance of weight exceeding 98%). Microscopic observation indicated that the degradation mainly proceeded from the non-printed side to the printed side cross-sectionally.     

QUARTZ PORPHYRY TREATMENT ALTERS IRRIGATION WATER CHEMISTRY,AFFECTING HYDROPONIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

This study focused on using quartz porphyry (QP) as a water treatment to improve hydroponic production of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. nothovar; Japanese mustard spinach). We compared the chemistries of the control and QP-treated nutrient solutions and found that magnesium (Mg²⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) concentrations increased linearly up to day 21 following sowing in both conditions, then declined slightly. The QP treatment reduced sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) concentrations for the whole cultivation period. In both the control and QP-treated solutions, nitrate (NO^? ₃) and sulfate (SO^2? ₄) showed the same trend to a daily increase. In spite of these similarities, however, komatsuna production was better with the QP-treated nutrient solution compared to control. Treatment with QP during cultivation in August–September reduced the harmful effects of Na⁺, chloride (Cl^?), nitrite (NO^? ₂), and SO^2? ₄ by reducing concentrations of these ions, possibly leading to decreased salinity and toxicity effects in the plants. Mineral concentrations during October–November differed from those of August/September, resulting in variation among the different growth parameters for komatsuna.