Bread wheat cultivar PBW 343 carries residual additive resistance against virulent stripe rust pathotype

With continuous outbreaks of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) epidemics and rapid breakdown of deployed resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in North West Plains Zone (NWPZ) in India warrant knowledge and deployment of new and durable sources of resistance to stripe rust. Bread wheat cultivar PBW 343, until recently the most widely cultivated wheat variety in India, is now highly susceptible to stripe rust (score 9 on a 1–9 scale), whereas PBW 621 (score 5.05–5.65) and HD 2967 (score 5.40–6.20) show low levels of resistance. We conducted an experiment, spanning three crop seasons (2013–2014 to 2015–2016), in which parental lines, F₁ and F₂ populations, F₃ and F₄ families from two bread wheat crosses, PBW 621/PBW 343 and HD 2967/PBW 343 were generated and evaluated for stripe rust resistance against a virulent pathotype. While the F₁ revealed partial dominance, the segregation pattern for stripe rust resistance in F₂ and F₃ showed transgressive segregation for resistance in both crosses. Chi-square analysis indicated that resistant segregants possessed two genes, one contributed by PBW 621 or HD 2967 (depending on the cross) and the other, unexpectedly but obviously, came from the most susceptible cultivar, PBW 343. Possible genetic mechanisms for this residual resistance and implications for breeding programs are discussed.     

Soybean plant height QTL mapping and meta‐analysis for mining candidate genes

Plant height is closely related to seed yield of soybean. The goal of this study was to identify important loci affecting soybean plant height using meta‐analysis based on a reference physical map. Plant height related to QTLs was mapped across eight years with a RIL population by WinQTLCart v2.5. 182 QTLs related to plant height of soybean from database and our research were collected, and each QTL was projected onto the soybean physical map by software BioMercator v2.1. The confidence interval of meta‐QTL ranged from 0.09 to 5.07 Mb, and the mean phenotypic variance ranged from 4.9% to 73.0%. Furthermore, 4,259 candidate genes were located in these consensus QTLs, and 40 of them were involved in the plant growth and stem elongation and annotated as plant hormone signal transduction (pathway ID ko04075) in KEGG pathway. These results would lay a foundation for fine mapping of QTLs/genes related to plant height and marker‐assisted selection for breeding in soybean.     

Alteration in important quality traits and antioxidant activities in Brassica oleracea with Ogura cybrid cytoplasm

In vegetable brassicas, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system is the most preferred mechanism for hybrid seed production and Ogura cybrid cytoplasm is the only source used widely. Effects of the alien cybrid cytoplasm on important quality traits need to be understood for their effective use in breeding programme. In analysing 38 Ogura cybrid cytoplasm‐based cauliflower CMS lines, it was revealed that introgression of Ogura cytoplasm resulted in significant alteration in important quality traits. Cupric reducing antioxidant activity and ferric reducing ability of plasma values were increased up to 5–10 times in different genotypes. Among 38 analysed CMS lines, concentration of plant pigments such as anthocyanin, total chlorophylls and ascorbic acid was reduced in 21, 17 and 32 genotypes, respectively. However, the concentration of total carotenoids and β‐carotene was elevated in most of the CMS lines and total carotenoid was increased up to 20 times in the CMS line, Ogu13‐85‐2A. The results indicate the role of nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction and mitochondrial genome in determining concentration of different quality traits.     

茶树越冬芽在休眠与萌发时期的物质交流变化及其分子调控

为揭示不同萌发物候型茶树的休眠机制,以特早生茶树品种龙井43和中生茶树品种碧云为材料,利用钙黄素处理茶树茎段,检测越冬芽在休眠与萌发时期与其他器官的物质交流情况。利用同源比对鉴定胼胝质水解相关基因,并分析其序列特征及在冬季不同时期的表达模式。结果表明,越冬芽在茶树生长阶段和休眠阶段都存在着与着生茎段和母叶间的物质交流;从茶树越冬芽休眠形成到解除的不同时期,其物质交流存在"强-弱-强"的变化规律,但龙井43的与碧云相比存在较短的物质交流减弱时期;两种茶树的物质交流变化模式与鉴定到的茶树胼胝质水解正向调控相关基因CsGLU1的表达模式密切相关;启动子序列分析进一步证实CsGLU1启动子区有多个与激素信号以及低温和休眠响应相关转录因子结合的保守序列。茶树越冬芽在休眠和非休眠状态下都存在与茎和母叶之间的物质交流,且物质交流强弱与茶树越冬芽休眠状态改变密切相关。CsGLU1可能是参与胼胝质水解调控,改变茶树越冬芽物质交流水平,进而影响茶树休眠状态的关键基因。这对明确茶树越冬芽休眠状态变化和深入揭示不同萌发物候型茶树休眠机理有重要意义。     

臭氧化葵花油对甜瓜根结线虫的防治效果研究

臭氧化葵花油(Oleozon)良好的稳定性与极强的氧化性,可有效杀死土壤中的病原微生物。为验证Oleozon在防治根结线虫中的应用前景,以食用葵花油为试验材料,采用体外试验研究了不同剂量Oleozon对根结线虫2龄幼虫的致死率及其对虫卵孵化率的影响;进而通过盆栽试验,验证了不同剂量Oleozon对甜瓜根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明:Oleozon对二龄幼虫具有较好的杀灭作用,最低剂量Oleozon(0.5 g/L)对二龄幼虫的杀灭效果优于饱和臭氧水,当其浓度高于2 g/L时,其对二龄幼虫的杀灭效果较50%辛硫磷1000倍液更为显著。此外,Oleozon对于卵囊中虫卵和游离虫卵孵化的抑制效果与其浓度正相关,当Oleozon浓度高于5 g/L时,其对于卵囊中虫卵的抑制率可达60%以上,而不同浓度Oleozon处理后其对游离虫卵的抑制率达到了51.1%~96.8%,而50%辛硫磷对二者的抑制率分别为28.9%和57.4%,臭氧水对二者的抑制率仅为14.3%和33.1%。盆栽试验结果显示:Oleozon可显著降低根结线虫的发病,其中,5 g/L及10 g/L的Oleozon的防效最为显著(分别为79.2%和88.7%),而对照药剂的防效分别为18.9%和50.9%;此外,Oleozon处理后甜瓜的根结数、二龄幼虫数量及虫卵数量显著降低,且根系发育状况较好,说明施用Oleozon能够有效防治根结线虫对甜瓜的危害。     

植物生长调节剂在中药材栽培上的应用

植物生长调节剂是人工合成的具有植物激素活性的一类化学物质,一般分为植物生长促进剂、植物生长延缓剂和植物生长抑制剂3类。笔者总结了植物生长调节剂在中药材栽培上的应用,归纳为促进生长发育、矮化植株并提高抗逆性、增加中药材产量、提高有效成分含量4个方面,进而简要分析了植物生长调节剂的作用机理;探讨了植物生长调节剂施用不当可能降低中药材活性成分含量、导致残留危害、影响中药材栽培环境等问题。并提出,从对药材质量的影响、检测方法与技术的开发、使用规范和残留限量标准的完善等方面开展进一步的研究,以期为科学使用植物生长调节剂提供依据,为促进中药材种植产业健康发展、保障中药用药安全提供参考。     

磁化处理的全尾砂料浆沉降参数优化模型

为了提高全尾砂料浆的脱水浓缩效果,将磁化处理技术引入到全尾砂料浆脱水浓缩中,并建立GA-SVM模型优选全尾砂料浆的沉降参数。建立支持向量机（SVM）沉降参数优化模型,以磁感应强度、磁化处理时间、料浆流速、料浆浓度、絮凝剂单耗为输入因子,沉降速度为综合输出因子,通过正交试验建立样本数据对SVM模型进行训练与检验,采用遗传算法（GA）对SVM模型参数进行优化,进而得到磁化全尾砂料浆沉降参数的GA-SVM优化模型。将GA-SVM模型运用到某铁矿磁化全尾砂料浆沉降参数优化中,得到的最佳沉降参数为磁感应强度0.192 T、磁化处理时间1.85 min、料浆速度1.92 m/s、PAC单耗28 g/t,沉降速度可达约155 cm/h。研究表明：适宜的磁化处理条件可提高全尾砂料浆的脱水浓缩效果,节约30.0%~42.5% PAC用量,GA-SVM模型对全尾砂料浆沉降参数预测结果相对误差在5%以内、预测精度高,为全尾砂料浆脱水浓缩及其参数优选提供了一种新思路。     

基于多特征降维的植物叶片识别方法

植物种类识别方法主要是根据叶片低维特征进行自动化鉴定。针对低维特征不能全面描述叶片信息,识别准确率低的问题,提出一种基于多特征降维的植物叶片识别方法。首先通过数字图像处理技术对植物叶片彩色样本图像进行预处理,获得去除颜色、虫洞、叶柄和背景的叶片二值图像、灰度图像和纹理图像。然后对二值图像提取几何特征和结构特征,对灰度图像提取Hu不变矩特征、灰度共生矩阵特征、局部二值模式特征和Gabor特征,对纹理图像提取分形维数,共得到2 183维特征参数。再采用主成分分析与线性评判分析相结合的方法对叶片多特征进行特征降维,将叶片高维特征数据降到低维空间。降维后的训练样本特征数据使用支持向量机分类器进行训练。试验结果表明:使用训练后的支持向量机分类器对Flavia数据库和ICL数据库的测试叶片样本进行分类识别,平均正确识别率分别为92.52%、89.97%,有效提高了植物叶片识别的正确率。     

基于PWM变量喷雾的单喷头动态雾量分布均匀性实验

为研究PWM变量喷雾系统的动态雾量分布均匀性特点,以胭脂红溶液为喷雾试剂,在输送带上放置矩阵式集雾穴盘收集雾滴,采用浓度-吸光度法测量雾量沉积浓度,对单个喷头分别测试了不同PWM频率、PWM占空比和喷雾压力对总体区域、喷雾前进方向和喷杆方向上雾量分布均匀性的影响。研究发现,相较于喷杆方向,PWM频率对单喷头在喷雾前进方向上的雾量分布均匀性影响更大,某一速度条件下PWM频率的最小值应至少保证喷雾的连续性,且无需过大,从而保证电磁阀的使用寿命;当PWM占空比增大到一定值使喷雾流量基本稳定时,PWM占空比的继续增大可同时提高单喷头在喷雾前进方向和喷杆方向上的雾量分布均匀性,而在PWM占空比增大到该定值之前,仅对喷雾前进方向上的雾量分布有明显影响;在雾化效果较好的前提下,喷雾压力对单喷头在喷雾前进方向和喷杆方向上的雾量分布均匀性均有较大影响,且影响效果相反,主要因为随着喷雾压力的增大,雾量更多地向喷杆方向上的两侧和喷雾前进方向上的中间聚集。     

稀释气体对二甲醚着火延迟特性的影响

在上止点压力1.5 MPa,上止点温度670~795 K,当量比为1的实验条件下,利用快速压缩机(RCM)研究了N_2、N_2/Ar(50%/50%)和Ar/CO_2(61.2%/38.8%)稀释气体对二甲醚(DME)着火延迟期的影响。利用CHMKINPRO软件在较大温度范围内进行了模拟研究。结果表明:不同稀释气体组分对二甲醚混合气体第一阶段着火延迟期影响很小,但对总着火延迟期具有较大的影响,尤其在负温度系数(NTC)区间的起点温度附近。与N_2相比,N_2/Ar(50%/50%)使得实验中总着火延迟期缩短30%。稀释气体的化学效应对第一阶段着火延迟期和总着火延迟期的影响均很小。在低温区间和NTC区间,稀释气体的热效应起主导作用,而当上止点温度超过NTC区间时,CO_2的化学效应影响增强且超过热效应而起到主导作用。随稀释率增加,DME混合气体第一阶段着火延迟期略有延长,而总着火延迟期出现明显延长,且总着火延迟期的NTC现象变得更加明显。