Management of yellow dwarf disease in Europe in a post‐neonicotinoid agriculture

Barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) cause yellow dwarf disease (YDD), which is a continuous risk to cereals production worldwide. These viruses cause leaf yellowing and stunting, resulting in yield reductions of up to 80%. YDVs have been a consistent but low‐level problem in European cereal cultivation for the last three decades, mostly due to the availability of several effective insecticides (largely pyrethroids and more recently neonicotinoids) against aphid vectors. However, this has changed recently, with many insecticides being lost, culminating in a recent European Union (EU) regulation prohibiting outdoor use of the neonicotinoid‐insecticide compounds. This change is coupled with the growing challenge of insecticide‐resistant aphids, the lack of genetic resources against YDVs, and a knowledge deficit around the parameters responsible for the emergence and spread of YDD. This means that economic sustainability of cereal cultivation in several European countries including France and United Kingdom is now again threatened by this aphid‐vectored viral disease. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the YDV pathosystem, describe management options against YDD, analyse the impacts of the neonicotinoid ban in Europe, and consider future strategies to control YDV. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evidence of sedimentation inequality along riparian areas colonised by Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)

Soil loss from riparian areas supporting the annual invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), was measured and compared with equivalent values recorded at nearby, topographically similar areas supporting perennial vegetation over a cumulative seven-year period, along sections of two separate river systems; one in Switzerland, and one in the UK. Soil loss from colonised locations was significantly greater than from reference locations in four of the seven measurement periods. Despite contrasting results, standard deviations, based on soil losses and gains, were predominantly higher for colonised areas at both rivers over most monitoring periods. These findings indicated that areas colonised by Himalayan balsam experience higher sediment flux in comparison with areas free of invasion. Here, we test those original interpretations by reinterrogating the datasets using a more robust analysis of inequality. Nine datasets were tested, five of which (i.e. 56%) showed that sediment flux was significantly greater at Himalayan balsam-invaded areas than at reference areas. Three datasets showed no difference in sediment flux between invaded and reference areas (33%), and one (11%) showed higher sediment flux at reference areas. Most results uphold our original interpretations and support our hypothesis that hydrochory probably dictates where colonisation initially occurs, by depositing Himalayan balsam seeds in slack or depressional areas along river margins. Once Himalayan balsam becomes established and sufficient perennial vegetation is displaced, seasonal die-off and depleted vegetation cover may increase the risk that some areas will experience significantly higher sediment flux.     

广西芒果树叶片苔藓发生情况调查及药剂筛选试验

对广西芒果树叶片苔藓的发生情况及防治药剂进行了初步研究?调查了广西芒果主产区的南宁市(武鸣区?兴宁区)和百色市(田东县?田阳县?田林县和右江区)?在南宁市开展4种药剂的18种不同浓度或者配比组合的药剂筛选试验?结果表明, 南宁市芒果树叶片平均发病率达到88.5%, 右江区发病率为81.7%, 其后依次为田东县?田林县和田阳县, 发病率分别为56.1%?54.8%和34.2%?通过不同药剂及其不同配比药效试验, 80%乙蒜素乳油的防效极显著优于46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂?32%唑酮·乙蒜素乳油和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂?80%乙蒜素乳油500倍液?1 000倍液和1 500倍液的防效分别为93.37%?85.82%和51.85%?综上, 芒果树叶片苔藓已在广西全区普遍发生, 南宁市和右江区受害严重, 推荐使用80%乙蒜素乳油1 000倍液防治?     

不同化肥农药减施组合对水稻主要病虫害发生及产量的影响

为探索化肥农药减施融合使用技术,设计肥料和农药两因素三水平试验,研究不同化肥农药减施组合对水稻主要病虫害发生及产量的影响。结果发现：减肥有减轻病虫发生程度的趋势,减药有加重病虫发生程度的趋势;减肥可显著影响水稻纹枯病、第4代稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟发生程度,减药可显著影响水稻纹枯病、第3和4代稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟发生程度,但两者均对稻瘟病、稻曲病、二化螟发生程度无显著影响。减肥30%时实测减产10.29%,对产量影响显著;减肥低于20%时,绿色助剂替代处理和生物农药替代处理实测产量比对照处理增产0.38%和2.49%,生物农药替代和绿色助剂替代均可作为化学农药减量的技术措施。     

植物源活性成分对有机磷农药的降解效果研究

为探索有机磷农药降解的新途径和方法,以大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子按9:4:3:2质量份数混合,粉碎并以水浸泡,以GC-MS定量检测法、农残速测法,通过比较试验前后有机磷农药浓度变动,明确其对有机磷农药的降解效果。结果表明,2 min内浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷2种有机磷农药降解率分别达到93.6%、92.9%;浸提液17 h内对敌敌畏降解率为66.67%,11 h内对毒死蜱降解率为48.69%。本研究表明,大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷、敌敌畏等有机磷农药有显著降解效果。     

高效液相色谱法测定茶叶中的5种农药残留

建立高效液相色谱法检测茶叶样品中5种农药残留分析方法,以期为茶叶绿色生产提供技术理论支撑。样品经水浸泡后,用正己烷和丙酮混合液(V:V=5:1)振荡提取,乙酸乙酯萃取,经弗罗里硅土和活性炭层析柱净化后,高效液相色谱检测茶叶中5种农药（高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉）残留量。结果表明：在0.1~10.0 mg/L范围内,5种农药的色谱峰面积与其浓度均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9994,在0.1、0.5、1 mg/L的添加水平下,5种农药在空白茶叶样品中的平均回收率均在85%~95%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.55%~2.5%之间。该方法符合农药残留分析实验要求,灵敏度高。     

9种杀虫剂对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果评价

【目的】 筛选应急防控番茄潜叶蛾的绿色、高效农药,为防止进一步扩散为害提供指导。【方法】 选择9种内吸性杀虫剂,分2个浓度梯度,总计在田间设置18个药剂处理和1个清水对照,在药后1、3、7和14 d调查虫口,计算虫口减退率及防效,筛选绿色高效的农药及最佳药剂浓度。【结果】 60 mL /667m²的6%阿维·氯苯酰SC、42 mL /667m²24%甲氧虫酰肼SC、7.5 mL/667m²的20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC 3种药剂对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果和虫口减退率均在90%以上,后两者在后期效果最为明显,具有持效性。3种药剂在药后14 d防效分别为93.6%、93.16%和93.72%,虫口减退率分别为91.20%,90.59%和91.36%。37.5 mL /667m²的0.3%印楝素EW在整个过程防效最低,药后14 d防效为38.04%,其减退率仅为14.79%。【结论】 轮换使用60 mL/667m²的阿维·氯苯酰SC、42 mL /667m² 24%甲氧虫酰肼SC、7.5 mL /667m²的20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC在生产上。     

大载荷无人直升机静电喷雾沉积特性试验研究

为探索在大载荷植保无人直升机下洗气流作用下各因素对静电喷雾沉积特性的影响规律,将正交试验与Box-Behnken响应面试验相结合,在定性分析的基础上,建立起沉积特性参数与荷电电压、飞行参数等影响因素之间的数学预测模型,定量地分析了各因素对沉积特性的影响.结果表明:大载荷无人直升机静电喷雾沉积特性受施药过程中荷电电压和飞行参数的影响显著.雾滴单位面积沉积量与荷电电压成正相关,与飞行速度、飞行高度成负相关.相同飞行参数下(飞行速度5m/s、飞行高度4m),荷电电压8kV的静电喷雾单位面积沉积量为0.3180μL/cm²,比非静电喷雾单位面积沉积量提高了1.17倍.与此同时,沉积量变异系数与飞行速度成正相关,与荷电电压、飞行高度成负相关,即增加荷电电压、降低飞行速度或者提高飞行高度能有效改善雾滴的沉积均匀性.