基于LSTM神经网络模拟的陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量变化

为分析陇中黄土高原沟壑区不同保护性耕作措施的贮水效果,本研究利用春小麦/豌豆（W/P）、豌豆/春小麦（P/W）轮作的长期定位试验,分别设置传统耕作（T）、免耕（NT）、传统耕作秸秆覆盖（TS）和免耕覆盖（NTS）4种耕作措施,以当地月平均气温、月降水量、月平均辐射量、月平均蒸发量、月作物耗水量为输入因子,以月土壤贮水量为输出,建立基于长短期记忆（Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM）神经网络的土壤贮水量预测模型,并对该模型的有效性进行评估。研究结果表明：1）基于LSTM神经网络建立的土壤贮水量模型对陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量预测具有较好的适用性,模型模拟结果的平均均方根误差为7.76 mm,平均绝对误差为6.95 mm,相对误差控制在-5%~+5%的范围内。2） P/W轮作序列中各处理的土壤贮水量均比W/P轮作序列增加1.09%~1.43%。3）不同轮作序列,NTS处理的贮水效果均优于其他3种耕作措施,在W/P轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加2.89%、1.70%和2.46%;在P/W轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加3.03%、1.91%和2.57%。4）不同降水年型,NTS处理的土壤贮水量最高,且干旱年效果更加显著,其中丰水年NTS处理的土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS平均增加2.71%、1.48%和2.19%,而干旱年平均增加3.97%、2.54%和3.64%。5）保护性耕作措施的贮水效果随季节发生变化,作物生长前期（3-5月）保护性耕作措施的贮水优势较为明显,进入作物生长旺盛期（5-6月）保护性耕作措施与传统耕作的贮水效果差异不显著,而作物生长后期（7月）保护性耕作措施较传统耕作土壤贮水量明显增加。基于LSTM神经网络模拟环境下免耕覆盖的贮水保墒效果最好,为陇中黄土高原沟壑区最适宜的保护性耕作措施。     

半无叶型甜豌豆新品种须菜1号的选育

以普通型豌豆脆皮蜜为母本,半无叶型豌豆宝峰2号为父本,进行杂交,通过世代选育,运用1年3代加代选择法,选育出半无叶型甜豌豆新品种须菜1号。该品种株高75cm左右,有效分枝2个左右,托叶正常,小叶突变成卷须,白花,单株结荚7个左右,荚果圆柱形,荚皮嫩厚,无革质膜,籽粒柱形,皱粒黄子叶,千粒质量220g左右,鲜荚产量1200kg/667m2。具有高抗倒伏、抗病、耐热、口感好、甜度高等特性。适于鲜食和菜用。     

Demonstration of alternative feeds for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters of west Alabama

The replacement of marine proteins with vegetable proteins or terrestrial animal byproducts in aquaculture diets has been gaining momentum. This study examines the viability of replacing fish meal in shrimp production diets with alternative protein sources (combinations of vegetable proteins) in inland low salinity waters of west Alabama. The test diets were formulated to contain 36% protein and 8% lipid. The basal diet contained 10% fish meal. The fish meal was then replaced (on a weight to weight basis) with poultry meal (PM), pea meal or distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS). Two separate experiments (laboratory trial and farm trial) were devised to test the efficacy of the diets for Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity waters. The laboratory trial was conducted at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Research Station in Auburn, Alabama, USA, whereas the farm trial examined the same diets in an outdoor flow-through system at a low salinity shrimp farm in west Alabama. Results indicate no significant differences in shrimp growth, weight gain, survival or feed conversion ratio among dietary treatments, suggesting that PM, pea meal and DDGS can serve as alternatives to fish meal as a protein source for shrimp reared in low salinity environments.     

接种根瘤菌对豌豆/玉米体系生长状况的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了豌豆、玉米单作及豌豆/玉米体系中接种根瘤菌(不接种、接种XC3.1、接种ACCC16101)及施氮量(不施氮、施氮0.3 gN/kg土)对豌豆、玉米生长及其氮素营养状况的影响。结果表明:接种XC3.1显著提高了豌豆的有效根瘤数量和重量,单作平均分别提高79.5%和131.6%,间作平均分别提高174.1%和205.4%;XC3.1对复合体系中玉米及两种种植模式下豌豆氮素营养状况的改善作用优于ACCC16101;接种XC3.1对两种种植模式下豌豆的生长以及不施氮条件下复合体系中玉米的生长均具有促进作用,豌豆、玉米的生物量平均提高22.0%和123.1%;复合体系中豌豆的有效结瘤状况均优于相应的单作;接种与否,间作豌豆的生物量均小于相应供氮水平下的单作,平均降低13.7%;接种XC3.1不但强化了复合体系中玉米的竞争力,而且豌豆对玉米的竞争抵抗力也明显提高。     

咸水灌溉对基质栽培甜脆豌豆生长及营养品质的影响

【目的】探讨在水资源紧缺地区开展无土栽培咸水灌溉的可行性。【方法】采用基质盆栽试验,以甜脆豌豆为试验对象,设置0.6(淡水)、1.6、2.6、3.6、4.6 g/L共5个矿化度(深层地下淡水掺兑NaCl而成)灌水处理,研究了甜脆豌豆植株地上部和根系生长状况以及豌豆营养品质对咸水灌溉的响应。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,灌溉水矿化度为3.6 g/L和4.6 g/L时出苗率显著(P<0.05)降低,降幅分别为12.5%和31.2%;甜脆豌豆的株高、地上部鲜/干物质量均随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低;在播后16 d时1.6 g/L和2.6 g/L处理的甜脆豌豆根系干物质积累未明显降低,但是在播后32d时咸水灌溉处理的根系干物质较淡水灌溉处理分别降低28.9%、40.5%、52.2%和53.1%;随灌溉水矿化度的增加,甜脆豌豆的根冠比呈增加趋势,豌豆淀粉量呈降低趋势,但2.6 g/L与0.6g/L处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05),豌豆可溶性蛋白量和可溶性糖量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大值均出现在2.6 g/L处理。【结论】开展基质栽培咸水灌溉甜脆豌豆是可行的,但灌溉水矿化度应≤2.6 g/L。     

Evaluation of pea protein concentrate as partial replacement of fish meal in practical diets for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.)

With the aim to evaluate different replacement levels of fish meal (FM) by pea protein concentrate (PPC) on survival, growth performance and body composition of juvenile tench (Tinca tinca), a 90‐day experiment was conducted with 6‐month‐old juveniles. Four practical diets (50% crude protein) differing in the level of replacement of FM protein by PPC protein were tested: 0% (control), 25%, 35% or 45%, corresponding to 0, 207.5, 290.4 or 373.3 g PPC kg^?1 diet respectively. Survival rates ranged from 96.4% to 98.5%. The 25% and 35% replacement diets resulted in similar growth values (P > 0.05) to those obtained with the control diet (average of the three feeding treatments: 57.57 mm total length, 2.48 g weight and 1.87% day^?1 specific growth rate). The 45% replacement diet had the lowest growth (P < 0.05). Fish with externally visible deformities ranged from 0% to 1.5%. The relation among amino acid profiles of the diets, body composition, growth performance of juveniles and amino acid requirements of other fish species is discussed. An amount of 290.4 g PPC kg^?1 diet (35% replacement of FM protein) can be included in juvenile tench diets without impairing growth performance.     

Agronomic,forage quality and economic advantages of red pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) intercropping with wheat and oat under low‐input farming

Red pea–cereal intercropping could provide animal feed with agronomic and economic advantages. The growth rate, forage yield, quality, interspecific competition and financial outcome of intercrops of red pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) in two different seeding ratios (60:40, 80:20) were estimated. Growth rate of species was lower in the intercrops than in monocrops, especially in red pea–oat intercrops due to the strong competitive ability of oat. Red pea–oat intercrop of 60:40 produced the highest biomass (10.83 Mg/ha) and crude protein yield (1,116 kg/ha). Land equivalent ratio (LER) values were greater for the red pea with wheat (1.13) and oat 60:40 (1.09) indicating an advantage of intercropping in terms of dry‐matter (DM) yield, while red pea:oat 60:40 ranked first for LER for nitrogen yield. Aggressivity and partial actual yield loss indicated cereals as the dominant species. The highest monetary advantage index was recorded for the red pea:wheat 60:40 and the highest intercropping advantage value was recorded for the red pea:oat 80:20. In conclusion, most intercrops of red pea with wheat and oat showed significant advantages relative to their monocrops due to better DM production, resource‐use efficiency and economics under low‐input farming.     

油莱、豌豆茬对土壤肥力和微生物影响的探讨

研究了不同茬口对土壤肥力的结果表明,豌豆茬好,小麦茬差,油菜茬居中。豌豆茬、油菜茬和休闲地肥力水平接近,产量无明显差异。豌豆茬、油菜茬后作产量高,有益微生物数量多,特别是固氮菌和纤维素分解菌占优势。休闲茬有效养分虽高,但却消耗了土壤潜在的肥力。     

收获期豌豆籽粒离散元仿真参数标定

针对收获期豌豆籽粒在脱粒与清选仿真模拟中缺乏准确离散元仿真参数的难题,采用物理试验和仿真试验相结合的方法对豌豆籽粒仿真参数进行标定。以籽粒堆积角为评价指标,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选显著性参数,借助最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken试验得到显著性参数最优组合,通过仿真试验标定非显著性参数。结果表明：籽粒间碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为0.364、0.519和0.444;豌豆籽粒-钢碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为0.505、0.462和0.090;物理和仿真试验堆积角分别为19.841°和19.714°,其相对误差为0.64%。研究可为豌豆机械化收获过程离散元仿真分析提供参考。