陕西省能源消费碳排放及影响因素分析

研究陕西省能源消费碳排放对陕西省减少碳排放、发展低碳经济有重要意义。本文基于Kaya恒等扩展式和LMDI因素分解模型,应用LMDI分解方法对能源消费碳排放进行因素分解。定量分析陕西省2000~2011年人口、人均GDP、能源消费结构、能源消费强度、产业结构等5方面的因素对能源消费碳排放的贡献大小。结果表明:人均GDP增长是陕西省碳排放量增加最大的因素,其次是能源消费强度;人口效应和能源消费结构对碳排放量的增加有较微弱的拉动作用;产业结构效应对陕西省碳排放量增加产生负作用;产业结构和能源消费结构需要进一步调整与优化以抑制碳排放量增长。     

Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta,Salmonidae)

This paper reviews the life history of brown trout and factors influencing decisions to migrate. Decisions that maximize fitness appear dependent on size at age. In partly anadromous populations, individuals that attain maturity at the parr stage typically become freshwater resident. For individual fish, the life history is not genetically fixed and can be modified by the previous growth history and energetic state in early life. This phenotypic plasticity may be influenced by epigenetic modifications of the genome. Thus, factors influencing survival and growth determine life‐history decisions. These are intra‐ and interspecific competition, feeding and shelter opportunities in freshwater and salt water, temperature in alternative habitats and flow conditions in running water. Male trout exhibit alternative mating strategies and can spawn as a subordinate sneaker or a dominant competitor. Females do not exhibit alternative mating behaviour. The relationship between growth, size and reproductive success differs between sexes in that females exhibit a higher tendency to migrate than males. Southern populations are sensitive to global warming. In addition, fisheries, aquaculture with increased spreading of salmon lice, introduction of new species, weirs and river regulation, poor water quality and coastal developments all threaten trout populations. The paper summarizes life‐history data from six populations across Europe and ends by presenting new research questions and directions for future research.     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

水稻专用配方肥的肥效研究

采用“大配方,小调整”策略,采用区域总量控制、分期调控技术,根据磷钾肥衡量监控技术原理,通过不同农户田间小区试验,比较了大配方、小调整和农户习惯处理对水稻产量、氮肥利用率和经济效益的影响.结果表明,与农民习惯施肥处理比较,大配方和小调整处理提高了水稻产量和氮肥偏生产力,平均产量分别增加了4.67％和11.85％,平均氮肥偏生产力分别增加33.45％和42.62％.大配方和小调整处理可以使水稻达到增产、节本、增效的目的,而小调整处理效果优于大配方处理.     

长三角地区典型季节规模化奶牛场氨排放特征研究

为掌握长三角地区规模化奶牛场氨排放特征,通过在线高分辨率监测系统对典型规模化奶牛场的棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存环节进行连续监测,获取不同环节、不同季节的氨排放信息,并计算得到本地化氨排放系数及排放强度。结果表明：规模化奶牛场棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存3个环节的年均氨排放浓度分别为（2.53±0.88）、（2.68±1.72）mg·m^-3和（2.44±1.73）mg·m^-3,氨浓度季节变化趋势总体表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,夏季为冬季的2.3~4.2倍。不同环节氨排放小时变化存在明显差异,主要受日气象因子变化、畜禽活动和清粪管理等因素影响。温度是影响奶牛养殖氨排放水平的主要气象因素,与棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存3个环节的氨浓度水平均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别达到0.914、0.817和0.942,而风速和大气压强则与各环节氨排放浓度呈负相关关系。基于在线监测获得了奶牛养殖氨排放本地化系数,棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存3个环节的年均氨排放系数分别为（13.14±5.17）、（7.71±5.17）kg·头^-1·a^-1和（9.72±4.47）kg·头^-1·a^-1,全年合计氨排放系数为30.57 kg·头^-1·a^-1。采用本地实测氨排放系数,建立了长三角地区规模化牛场氨排放清单,2018年长三角地区规模化牛场氨排放总量为3.39万t,氨排放主要集中在安徽省中北部和江苏省北部等集约化畜禽养殖规模较大的地区,夏季氨排放总量和强度最高,达到了1.36万t和151 t·d^-1,是冬季的3倍多。     

Agronomic and economic appraisal of alley cropping with Leucaena diversifolia on an acid soil in the highlands of Burundi

Although alley cropping has been shown elsewhere to permit continuous cropping, it has not been widely tested in the highlands of east and central Africa where it has the additional potential of controlling soil erosion. The effect of four rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha^–1) of inorganic N on the performance of alley cropping using Leucaena diversifolia as the hedgerow species was studied in the central highlands of Burundi. Significant increase in maize yield (average of 26%) due to alley cropping was only first realised in 1992, three years after the commencement of the trial. In 1993, the average yield advantage of the alley cropping plots was 21%. The prunings augmented the response of maize yield to inorganic N in 1992 and 1993. Compared with the control, economic benefits over the five-year period for all the treatments were negative.     

Effect of mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils in winter wheat production

Nitrogen fertilizers are supposed to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from arable soils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N forms on N₂O emissions from arable fields cropped with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In three field trials in North‐West Germany (two trials in 2011/2012, one trial in 2012/2013), direct N₂O emissions during a one‐year measurement period, starting after application of either urea, ammonium sulfate (AS) or calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), were compared at an application rate of 220 kg N ha^?1. During the growth season (March to August) of winter wheat, N₂O emission rates were significantly higher in all three field experiments and in all treatments receiving N fertilizer than from the non‐fertilized treatments (control). At two of the three sites, cumulative N₂O emissions from N fertilizer decreased in the order of urea > AS > CAN, with emissions ranging from 522–617 g N ha^?1 (0.24–0.28% of applied fertilizer) for urea, 368–554 g N ha^?1 (0.17–0.25%) for AS, and 242–264 g N ha^?1 (0.11–0.12%) for CAN during March to August. These results suggest that mineral nitrogen forms can differ in N₂O emissions during the growth period of winter wheat. Strong variations in the seasonal dynamics of N₂O emissions between sites were observed which could partly be related to weather events (e.g., precipitation). Between harvest and the following spring (post‐harvest period) no significant differences in N₂O emissions between fertilized and non‐fertilized treatments were detected on two of three fields. Only on one site post‐harvest emissions from the AS treatment were significantly higher than all other fertilizer forms as well as compared to the control treatment. The cumulative one‐year emissions varied depending on fertilizer form across the three field sites from 0.05% to 0.51% with one exception at one field site (AS: 0.94%). The calculated overall fertilizer induced emission averaged for the three fields was 0.38% which was only about 1/3 of the IPCC default value of 1.0%.     

1997-2018年中国农业碳排放的时空演进与脱钩效应——基于空间和分布动态法的实证研究

在测度1997—2018年中国31个省区农业碳排放的基础上,对其时空演变特征进行分析,并利用核密度估计法和马尔科夫链法,考察中国农业碳排放分布的动态演进机制,进一步基于脱钩理论探究农业碳排放与农业经济发展之间的关系。结果表明:(1)中国农业碳排放量总体呈现波动上升趋势,农业碳排放强度不断下降,稻田为第一碳源;(2)中国农业碳排放的区域差距较大,碳排放较低的省区呈扩大趋势,碳排放较高的省区有所收缩;农业碳排放量总体上表现出东中部高、西部低的空间分布格局,而碳排放强度的空间布局则相反;(3)农业碳排放动态演进特征的分析表明,大部分省区的农业碳排放呈现增长态势,地区差距有所扩大,但“两极分化”现象逐渐消失;农业碳排放分布状态稳定性高,内部流动性低;(4)中国农业碳排放与农业经济发展之间多处于弱脱钩和强脱钩状态,强脱钩状态的省区在空间格局上逐渐替代弱脱钩状态占据绝对主导地位。     

Utilization of Livestock's Dejection as Biogas Origin in Building New Countryside in Heilongjiang Province--Developing Utilization of Biogas and Promoting Energy-saving and Emission Reduction

With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock's dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal's leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve t...