影响简易瞬态工况法(VMAS)测量精度因素分析

控制在用车的排放已经成为共识,国家标准规定了几种在用汽车排放的测量方法,简易瞬态工况法(VMAS)是其中之一.给出了简易瞬态工况法(VMAS)检测设备系统的组成和测量原理,从设备自身、被检车辆、人为因素、燃油品质和周围环境等几个方面分析了影响简易瞬态工况法(VMAS)测量精度的因素.     

大力发展造纸业清洁生产促进节能减排

分析了我国造纸业现状及面临的环境压力,指出了我国清洁生产现状及发展趋势。针对造纸业"消耗高、污染大、效率低"问题,结合实际造纸行业案例提出了相应的清洁生产工艺和方案,为促进节能减排实现造纸业经济发展与环境保护的统一提供参考,对于大力发展造纸业清洁生产促进节能减排,提出了相应的建议。     

基于声发射技术的木材害虫信号特征检测

针对木材害虫声发射（AE）信号检测问题,研究杨树木段中麻点豹天牛幼虫AE信号波形特征及其信号的能量,为钻蛀害虫声音的监测提出一种新的方法。取一段具有麻点豹天牛幼虫的杨树木段,通过采样频率为500 kHz的2通道木材蠕变声发射信号采集系统采集原始AE信号。对采集到的原始信号滤波后进行小波分解,通过对各层高频信号的分析获取AE信号的频域特征,并对其进行重构与信号解析。结果表明,麻点豹天牛幼虫AE信号的主频主要集中在30 kHz附近,其信号的能量在16:00最高,反映了该幼虫在15:00-16:00较活跃。     

Effect of fertigation frequency on soil nitrogen distribution and tomato yield under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root-zone drip fertigation (ADF) is a combination of alternating irrigation and drip fertigation, with the potential to save water and increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency.  A 2-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different fertigation frequencies on the distribution of soil moisture and nutrients and tomato yield under ADF.  The treatments included three ADF frequencies with intervals of 3 days (F3), 6 days (F6) and 12 days (F12), and conventional drip fertigation as a control (CK), which was fertilized once every 6 days.  For the ADF treatments, two drip tapes were placed 10 cm away on each side of the tomato row, and alternate drip irrigation was realized using a manual valve on the distribution tapes.  For the CK treatment, a drip tape was located close to the roots of the tomato plants.  The total N application rate of all treatments was 180 kg ha–1.  The total irrigation amounts applied to the CK treatment were 450.6 and 446.1 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively; and the irrigation amounts applied to the ADF treatments were 60% of those of the CK treatment.   The F3 treatment resulted in water and N being distributed mainly in the 0–40-cm soil layer with less water and N being distributed in the 40–60-cm soil layer.  The F6 treatment led to 21.0 and 29.0% higher 2-year average concentration of mineral N in the 0–20 and 20–40-cm soil layer, respectively and a 23.0% lower N concentration in the 40–60-cm soil layer than in the CK treatment.  The 2-year average tomato yields of the F3, F6, F12, and CK treatments were 107.5, 102.6, 87.2, and 98.7 t ha–1, respectively.  The tomato yield of F3 was significantly higher (23.3%) than that in the F12 treatment, whereas there was no significant difference between the F3 and F6 treatment.  The F6 treatment resulted in yield similar to the CK treatment, indicating that ADF could maintain tomato yield with a 40% saving in water use.  Based on the distribution of water and N, and tomato yield, a fertigation frequency of 6 days under ADF should be considered as a water-saving strategy for greenhouse tomato production.     

Nitrous oxide emission measurement with acetylene inhibition method in paddy fields under flood conditions

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from flooded rice paddy fields was continuously measured by the closed chamber method at an experimental plot in Thailand for a whole cultivation period. To characterize the N₂O emission with regard to the denitrification N loss, the C₂H₂ inhibition method was applied. Flood water on the soil greatly suppressed the N₂O emission. The N₂O emission was mitigated considerably by even a thin film of the flood water. The overall average N₂O emissions under flood conditions for one crop season (83 days) at the control site and the C₂H₂ treated site were 10.3 and 11.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The N₂O emission from the C₂H₂ treated site was consistently higher than that from the control site and the N₂O emission from both sites followed the same diurnal and seasonal variation pattern, indicating the effect of denitrification inhibition by the supplied C₂H₂. The N₂O emission enhanced along with temperature increase when NO₃–N concentration in the soil water was above 0.4 mg N l⁻¹ and soil temperature was above 24°C, suggesting specific temperature influence over the emission. The increase in NO₃–N concentration and temperature in the soil affected only the N₂O emission while the difference in the emission at the C₂H₂ treated site and the control site was not so much affected. It was suggested that most of the actively produced N₂O under higher NO₃–N concentration and temperature would likely to quickly emit to the atmosphere rather than to undergo further reduction to N₂.     

中国城市化发展、能源消费与碳排放的实证研究

选取了1995年至2007年我国29个省市面板数据,建立以城市化水平为被解释变量,能源消费和碳排放作为解释变量的模型,通过协方差分析检验和Haus man检验的分析结果,确定研究模型的形式为固定影响变截距模型,最后,通过对拟合模型的结果分析,实证结果表明：高能耗、高排放、粗放式经济发展方式不利于城市化水平的提高;同时,各省市的城市化发展水平也存在差异.因此,各省市应在城市化工业化进程中推进产业结构和能源消费结构调整使其朝着更有利于节能环保的方向演进,节能减排政策的调整重点应该放在能源强度和能源消费碳强度上.     

海水网箱养殖中的排污收费问题研究

网箱养殖是近年来海水养殖业发展的主流趋势,在其带来巨大经济效益的同时,也对周边生态环境造成巨大的威胁和破坏。文章通过探析其经济学原因,提出通过排污收费的手段来解决高密度海水网箱养殖带来的环境问题,并建立确定排污税率标准的模型,以部分黄渤海地区的数据进行实证计算,得出各地区的排污税率以供参考。     

基于小波消噪柑橘内部品质近红外光谱的无损检测

为探讨柑橘内部品质无损检测方法,通过3阶Daubechies小波4级分解,对柑橘近红外光谱进行消噪预处理,并运用偏最小二乘法建立了柑橘贮藏中可溶性固形物、糖度、酸度和维生素C含量的校正预测模型.结果表明:建立的可溶性固形物含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数为0.954,预测校正均方差为0.418%,最优光谱波段为6 101.7～4 246.5 cm-1;建立的可溶性总糖含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数达0.975,预测校正均方差为0.490%,最优光谱波段为7 507.7～6 097.8 cm-1;建立的总酸含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数达0.948,预测校正均方差为0.022%,最优光谱波段为 6 101.7～4 246.5 cm-1;建立的维生素C含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数为0.957,预测校正均方差为0.039 mg/g,最优光谱波段为7 501.7～5 449.8 cm-1.     

基于生命周期评价的现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统调控

现代循环农业是实现农业绿色发展、推进乡村全面振兴的重要途径。但以农户经验构建而成的传统循环农业系统多缺乏精确的数据支持与参数匹配,使得系统的高效循环运行面临挑战。因此,本研究在数据采集与跟踪调研的基础上,采用生命周期评价对现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统进行实证研究,通过特征化、标准化与加权评估分析不同类别潜在环境影响,并计算系统模拟调控前后污染降级所需环境服务能。结果表明,饲料加工与湖羊养殖亚系统所产生的各类潜在环境影响都超过了其类别总影响的85%,远高于粮食种植和有机堆肥亚系统的;人体毒性和水体生态毒性在各亚系统中所产生的环境影响都较大,而陆地生态毒性的均最小。为实现污染降级每年所需空气、水体和土壤的环境服务能分别为7.42×1010、6.03×1016和1.59×1012J;通过耦合参数协调和关键技术优化对系统进行模拟调控,经测算与原系统相比每年所需各项环境服务能分别降低52%、44%和21%。该研究基于生命周期评价形成的适用于现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统并指导其整体调控的方法体系,对现代农牧循环系统的可持续发展与复制推广具有指导意义,同时可为其他现代循环农业系统的优化调整提供方法参考。     

Emission of dimethyl sulfide,carbonyl sulfide,and carbon bisulfide from paddy fields

Abstract

Emission rates of dimethyl sulficle (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS₂) to the atmosphere from paddy fields at Ryugasaki, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan were measured by using the closed chamber method. DMS was emitted mainly through the rice plant and its emission rate was much higher than those of COS and CS₂. During a cropping period COS was slightly absorbed by the rice plant. Significant diurnal and seasonal variations of DMS iuxes were observed. The highest DMS iux was observed immediately after the heading day of rice plant. The annual DMS emission rate was in the order of mineral plot > straw plot > no-N plot, ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual COS emission rate was in the order of straw plot > no-N plot > mineral plot, ranging from -0.2 to 1.8 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual CS₂ emission rate was slightly higher in the straw plot, ranging from 0.9 to 2.0 mg S m^-2 yr^-1.