长期水耕植稻对水稻土耕层质地的影响

为了解长期水耕植稻对南方地区水田表土层颗粒组成的影响,以浙江省为研究区,采用历史资料分析、典型样区调查及定点观察相结合的方法,研究水稻土耕作层(包括犁底层)与心土层间黏粒含量的差异,分析植稻时间对水稻土不同土层颗粒组成的影响,比较植稻期间稻田排水中泥砂物质的颗粒组成与对应土壤间的差异,探讨了长期植稻对水稻土剖面质地分异的影响。对浙江省456个代表性剖面统计,与水稻土心土层比较,耕作层和犁底层黏粒含量平均下降了14%和10%。对植稻不同时间的浅海沉积物(从10～20年至80年)、第四纪红土(从5～20年至70年)和玄武岩风化物(从5～20年至35～70年)发育的水稻土比较发现,随植稻时间的增加,耕作层和犁底层土壤砂粒含量呈现增加趋势,黏粒含量明显下降,耕作层、犁底层与心土层黏粒含量的比值逐渐下降。农田排水中泥砂物质的黏粒和粉砂含量高于对应农田土壤,而砂粒含量则低于相应的土壤。分析认为,长期水耕植稻可导致耕作层土壤砂化(即砂粒含量增加,黏粒含量下降),其原因除与水耕过程中黏粒淋淀外,排水中黏粒和粉砂细颗粒的选择性流失对耕作层砂化也有较大的贡献。     

县域“旱改水”项目遴选布局方法与实证研究

从分析遂溪县旱改水建设适宜性和空间稳定性入手,提出了基于耦合协调度模型和冷热点分析方法的旱改水建设项目遴选布局方法。结果表明,遂溪县开展旱改水建设潜力较大,其中高、中适宜区占耕地总面积的81.08%,主要分布在中东部乡镇;稳定性与适宜性的空间分布差异显著,高稳定性地块主要集中在北坡镇和广前公司,在其余乡镇也有分布;容易改造地块占耕地总面积的41.04%,主要分布在北坡镇、界炮镇、杨柑镇和广前公司等,该类耕地自然禀赋较好、基础设施完备,并且与城镇、交通干线有一定距离,建设占用的可能性较小;旱改水建设适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调的热点区主要分布在杨柑镇、北坡镇、界炮镇和广前公司等中部乡镇,是旱改水项目布局的优先选择区域;结合研究区实际,确定遂溪县十三五期间旱改水建设区总面积462.75 hm2。该研究为科学遴选、布局旱改水建设项目提供了方法借鉴。     

温室穴盘苗并联高速移栽机器人运动误差分析与试验

现有产业化应用的温室穴盘苗移栽机大都为三坐标龙门架式结构,其体积庞大、惯性大、相对刚度低、移栽速度低、柔性作业能力差,无法满足高速剔苗、高速补苗作业要求。针对这些问题设计了一种并联式三平移移栽机器人,阐述了并联移栽机器人主体结构和为其配套设计的5种末端执行器,并统计了这些末端执行器的质量;在ADAMS中建立刚柔耦合动力学模型,选定一条最长对角线轨迹进行仿真;比较了刚性模型理论轨迹与柔性模型实际轨迹的误差,并分析了因动平台质量变化引起的误差变化情况,发现移栽轨迹末段存在振荡问题;最后通过物理样机进行定位精度试验,样机经误差补偿后,平均误差由7.611 mm降低到1.208 mm,其中大部分误差为系统误差。运动试验发现,机构运行平均速度为2 m/s、加速度峰值为20 m/s~2时,满足精度要求;但机构在平均速度3 m/s、加速度峰值30 m/s~2时,误差会扩大,需要进一步改善关节径向支撑力。     

Morphological and physiological characteristics of rice leaves in response to PASP-urea and optimized nitrogen management

Polyaspartic acid (PASP)-urea is known to increase crop yield. Field experiments were conducted to compare the morphological and physiological characteristics of the leaves between plots treated with urea (conventional urea or PASP-urea) and subject to different nitrogen (N) management methods [farmers’ standard fertilization practice (FFP, two splits) or optimized N management (ONM, four splits)] in Sichuan, China, in 2014 and 2015. A no-added-N plot served as the control. Grain yield was significantly associated with increased number of green leaves, total leaf area, chlorophyll concentration of rice leaves after the heading stage, photosynthetic rate per leaf lamina and accumulated temperature of senescence rate acceleration and deceleration. PASP-urea significantly enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of leaves to improve dry matter accumulation rate of the panicle after the heading stage over conventional urea, mainly by increasing the number of green lamina, leaf lamina area, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate per leaf lamina, as well as delaying senescence of the flag leaf. Compared with FFP, the ONM substantially improved the photosynthetic capacity of leaves to enhance dry matter accumulation rate of the panicle. Therefore, the ONM is a rational approach to applying PASP-urea that can improve grain yield by improving photosynthetic capacity.     

生物质热解气燃烧装置设计与燃烧特性试验

针对目前生物质热解气中焦油去除困难、焦油能量难以利用等问题,结合现有燃气燃烧器相关技术,开展了生物质热解气直接燃烧技术研究与试验。燃烧器理论耗气量为2~5 m~3/h,通过理论计算确定了燃烧器参数,设计了卧式燃烧室并安装烟气催化裂解装置及烟气检测装置,搭建了热解气燃烧试验平台,并对热解气的燃烧特性进行了试验研究。以花生壳为原料,在碳化温度500℃、滞留时间30 min的条件下进行连续热解碳化,产生的高温热解气直接通入燃烧设备。结果表明,燃烧设备性能较好,热解气燃烧过程稳定,燃烧效率达到98.5%,在催化剂的作用下,燃烧效率提高到98.9%,满足设计要求。     

Effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth of rice plants, weeds, and the number of arthropods in paddy fields

Aigamo duck farming has been noticed as one of the techniques of environmental conservation agriculture. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth and production of rice plants, the quantity of weeds and arthropods, and the balance of nitrogen (N) in paddy fields by changing the density of the Aigamo ducks. A paddy field was divided into three test plots: a 10-Aigamo-duck plot, a five-Aigamo-duck plot, and a weeding plot. The results show that the height, number of culms, and yield crops of the rice plants increased more in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot and the five-Aigamo-duck plot than that of the weeding plot. Millet ( Echinochloa oryzicola ) remained in both the Aigamo duck plots. The weeding plot was covered with monochoria ( Monochoria vaginalis ). In both the Aigamo duck plots, the outbreak of total arthropods was lower than that of the weeding plot, but the number of rice plants damaged by grass leaf rollers ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ) was increased. The number of spiders, regarded as useful insects, did not differ that much between the experimental plots. The N content of the soil did not differ as an effect of loosing the Aigamo ducks. The rice plants in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot absorbed more N than the rice plants in the other plots.     

稻田轮作对水稻病、虫、草害的影响

目前南方大部分稻田采用连作耕作制度,并且滥用农药现象严重,这对农田生态环境造成极其不利的影响。为探讨稻田轮作对减轻稻田病、虫、草害的生态作用,本试验以长期水稻连作为对照,根据14年田间定位试验,详细研究了稻田轮作对水稻病、虫、草害的影响。结果表明,稻田轮作在一定程度上能减轻稻田水稻的病虫草害。稻田轮作处理的早稻纹枯病发病率平均比连作处理低10%,病情指数低0.4%;晚稻纹枯病的病株率平均比连作处理低17.7%,病情指数低13.3%。轮作处理的早晚稻稻曲病的病株率和病情指数也都低于连作处理。轮作处理所受虫害比连作处理要轻,轮作稻纵卷叶螟造成的白叶率和二化螟造成的白叶率明显低于连作。轮作处理的杂草生长情况比连作处理弱。     

海东地区荒山荒坡三种治理措施的效果对比研究

对治理荒山荒坡常用的封育、补播、重新建植三种方法进行了对比、调查和分析。结果表明,采用补播措施治理荒山荒坡是较为有效的途径,也是合理开发利用荒山荒坡、尽快恢复植被、控制水土流失和改善生态环境经济实用而又可行的方法。     

党参种子的离散元仿真参数标定与试验验证

为设计及优化党参机械化播种设备,提供基础仿真参数,本文对甘肃省种植的两种党参种子(渭党1号和甘党2号)通过试验法确定其基本物理参数(形状尺寸、质量密度、体积密度、千粒重、含水率)和接触力学参数(恢复系数、静摩擦系数);通过斜面滚动试验结合EDEM仿真,预测党参种子与ABS塑料板间的滚动摩擦系数;通过调整党参种子模型间的...     

Use of mathematical modeling and its inverse analysis for precise assessment of pesticide dissipation in a paddy environment

The extrapolability of the lysimeter test as a dissipation simulator in an actual paddy field was evaluated using mathematical models and their inverse analyses for predicting pesticide fate and transport processes in paddy test systems. As a source of experimental data, a four-year comparative experiment in lysimeters and paddy fields was conducted using various paddy pesticides. First, the dissipations for various active ingredients in granule pesticides under submerged applications were statistically compared using simple kinetic modeling. Second, the dissipation pathways, unobserved experimental components, and effect of the experimental setting were evaluated using a higher tier mathematical model with a novel inverse analysis protocol. Finally, owing to experimental constraints, the unobtainable parameters were extracted from the laboratory container test before being transferred to compare the outdoor experimental data under different formulation types.