洪湖低湖田改造池塘河蟹养殖技术研究

在洪湖湖滨地区筛选了4种当地主要的河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)养殖方式,对池塘与水源的环境因子进行了监测比较,分析各因子对河蟹收获参数的影响。结果显示:7—10月中,8月水温和氨氮含量最高,各池塘水体理化指标月平均值无显著差异;各池塘水草生物量逐月急剧下降,至10月底基本消失,其月平均值与成蟹体重、回捕率及特定生长率显著负相关。高温季节是防止河蟹氨氮中毒死亡的关键时期;水草调节水体营养、稳定底质、吸附水体悬浮质的功能对河蟹存活及生长有重要作用。当地优势池塘养殖方式为:放养规格约5 g/ind.,密度16875 ind./ha,水草移栽以伊乐藻为主,搭配其它种类,覆盖率约为60%,动物性饵料投喂比例约为66%,螺蛳投喂量约3638 kg/ha。     

基于勒洛多边形原理的播种机机械式离合装置研究

针对播种机传统机械式离合装置动力切换行程长、接合瞬间冲击载荷大等问题,基于勒洛多边形原理设计了一种机械式离合装置。通过理论分析对该离合装置关键结构进行设计,利用虚拟仿真技术对离合装置动力接合瞬间的冲击载荷与动力切换响应速度进行模拟分析,应用三因素三水平正交试验方法,以播种单体为试验实施载体,以轴向倾角、齿轮半径比和作业速度为试验因素,以动力接合与切断滞后距离为试验评价指标,对影响离合装置作业性能的相关参数进行试验与优化。结果表明,在参数组合为轴向倾角20°、齿轮半径比0.3和作业速度1.5 m/s时,动力接合与切断滞后距离分别为1.2、0.6 cm。对比验证试验表明,相较于牙嵌式离合装置,优化后的勒洛五边形离合装置在保证播种质量的同时,动力接合与切断滞后距离分别降低82.4%、45.5%。     

中国水稻土酸化时空变化特征及其对氮素盈余的响应

针对水稻土酸化造成作物减产和严重污染环境的问题,收集了1979—1985年全国第二次土壤普查成果和2015—2017年水稻土质量等级调查成果,结合2005—2015年全国测土配方施肥数据,采用空间分析和统计分析方法,分析了1979—2017年,39年间中国水稻土pH值空间分布的变化;计算了39年间不同水稻土pH值分级和区域的水稻土酸化速率,探讨了39年间氮肥投入变化量和土壤理化性质与水稻土酸化速率的关系;估算了2015—2017年水稻土单位面积氮素盈余量,并进一步量化了氮素盈余量与水稻土pH值变化量的关系。结果表明:39年间水稻土受土壤酸胁迫程度加剧,特别是水稻土由酸性(pH值为5.5~6.5)转变成强酸性(pH值小于等于5.5)的面积比例增加,这主要集中在长江中下游中部、南部和华南区中部、南部。39年间水稻土平均pH值下降了0.26,其中,东北区、长江中下游区、华南区平均pH值分别下降了0.34、0.29和0.58,西南区平均上升了0.14。39年间水稻土酸化速率从大到小依次为碱性水稻土、中性水稻土、酸性水稻土、强酸性水稻土,区域上水稻土酸化速率从大到小依次为东北区、华南区、长江中下游区、西南区。39年间,氮肥投入量和土壤容重变化量与水稻土酸化速率存在极显著的正相关关系,有机质含量和耕层厚度变化量与水稻土酸化速率存在极显著的负相关关系。2015—2017年,氮素盈余量与水稻土pH值变化量呈显著的负相关关系,氮素盈余量增加会造成水稻土酸化加剧。划定了3类水稻土治理分区,提出“治酸、防酸、控酸”的总体策略,并分区域制定了治理措施,可为水稻土酸化阻控和地力提升提供参考。     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

Emission of dimethyl sulfide,carbonyl sulfide,and carbon bisulfide from paddy fields

Abstract

Emission rates of dimethyl sulficle (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS₂) to the atmosphere from paddy fields at Ryugasaki, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan were measured by using the closed chamber method. DMS was emitted mainly through the rice plant and its emission rate was much higher than those of COS and CS₂. During a cropping period COS was slightly absorbed by the rice plant. Significant diurnal and seasonal variations of DMS iuxes were observed. The highest DMS iux was observed immediately after the heading day of rice plant. The annual DMS emission rate was in the order of mineral plot > straw plot > no-N plot, ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual COS emission rate was in the order of straw plot > no-N plot > mineral plot, ranging from -0.2 to 1.8 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual CS₂ emission rate was slightly higher in the straw plot, ranging from 0.9 to 2.0 mg S m^-2 yr^-1.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及固碳特征的影响

施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本研究旨在探讨长期作物残留和投入有机物料对水稻土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,分析不同粒级团聚体的固碳特征及其与团聚体形成的相关性,以及土壤和不同粒级团聚体对累积碳投入的响应。长期定位施肥试验始于1986年,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、秸秆化肥混施(RS)、低量粪肥配施化肥(M1)和高量粪肥配施化肥(M2)5个处理。2009年采集0~10 cm土壤样品,测定总土以及大团聚体(LM,2 mm)、较大团聚体(SM,0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(MA,0.25~0.053 mm)和黏粉粒(SC,0.053 mm)的质量比例及其SOC浓度,并分析闭蓄于SM内部的颗粒有机物(POM)、微团聚体(MA-SM)和黏粉粒(SC-SM)的质量含量和SOC浓度。结果表明,与CK和CF比较,有机肥混施化肥处理(RS、M1和M2)均显著提高了LM和SM的质量比例和平均当量直径(MWD),降低了SC质量含量;两个粪肥配施化肥处理(M1和M2)的效果优于秸秆化肥混施(RS),但是M1和M2间差异不显著;单施化肥则降低了稳定性团聚体的比例。团聚体的SOC浓度没有随粒级增大而增加,各处理均为LM和SM结合的SOC浓度最高,其次为SC,最小为MA。与CK比较,有机肥混施化肥处理均显著提高了各粒级团聚体的SOC浓度。总土SOC的增加主要取决于SM的SOC含量,而MA-SM组分决定了SM固持SOC的能力。总土、LM和SM的SOC含量以及从SM分离出的POM、MA-SM和SC-SM的SOC含量均与累积碳投入量呈显著正相关,但总土分离出的MA和SC的SOC含量对累积碳投入量反应不敏感,表现出碳饱和迹象。因此,尽管长期大量施用有机物料促进了红壤性水稻土大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性,增加了其SOC的固持,但有机质可能不是该土壤水稳性团聚体形成的最主要黏结剂。     

Carbon and nitrogen stocks and their mineralization potentials are higher under organic than conventional farming practices in Japanese Andosols

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at understanding whether and how long-term organic rice farming affects soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks and their mineralization potentials in submerged rice paddies in Tochigi, Japan. An incubation experiment was carried out to assess the impacts of internal nutrient cycling after organic farming (OF) for 4–5 years (4OF), 8–9 years (8OF), and 12 years (12OF), compared with a conventional rice field (CF). Soil samples were collected at 0–15 cm and 15–20 cm in flooded rice fields after harvest in October 2013. pH and bulk density at 0–15 cm were significantly lower in 12OF fields than in CF fields (by 0.22 unit pH and 17.5%, respectively). Compared with CF, 12OF fields showed significant differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), but 4OF and 8OF fields did not. In 8OF fields, the C decomposition (Co) and N mineralization (No) potentials were significantly higher (by 34.0% and 35.6%, respectively, at 0–15 cm, and by 67.1% and 24.5% at 15–20 cm) than in CF fields. Similarly, in 8OF fields at 0–15 cm, the Co:SOC and No:TN ratios were 19.8% and 23.2% higher, respectively, than in CF fields. Co, No, Co:SOC, and No:TN in 12OF fields were higher than those in CF fields, demonstrating the effects of prolonged organic rice farming. Additionally, in 12OF fields, C and N stocks were significantly higher (by 15.5% and 17.2%, respectively, at 0–15 cm, and by 4.8% and 12.1% at 15–20 cm) than in CF fields. Our findings suggest that long-term organic rice farming increases soil C and N stocks as well as C and N mineralization in Japanese Andosols.     

土壤粒度和磁化率特征对绰墩古水稻土成因的指示

本文研究了绰墩农业遗址P-02原状土剖面的粒度分布,定量分析了土壤黏粒的矿物组成,测定了土壤/沉积物及其各粒级组分(黏粒、粉砂粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒)的磁化率。结果表明：在0 ~ 30 cm和134 ~ 154 cm两层段,黏粒含量从下向上有降低的趋势,这可能预示着长期的水耕作业造成黏粒从表层向亚表层移动;在148 ~ 200 cm层段,土壤磁化率从下向上有降低的趋势,可能说明该处存在长期淹水的状况。总之,黏粒含量和质量磁化率数据说明长江下游地区的先民在马家浜文化时期已开始采用“水溽”方式进行水稻的栽培。     

摩擦复充种型孔带式水稻精量排种器充种性能分析与验证

为解决杂交稻工厂化穴盘育秧低播量精密播种问题,提出了一种摩擦复充种型孔带式水稻精量排种器,对种子充填过程进行了力学和运动学分析,确定影响试验指标的影响因素分别为型孔方向角、型孔带速度、型孔带倾角和种层厚度。通过EDEM离散元软件仿真分析了种子多次循环重复充种过程和充种效果,并分别分析了型孔带速度、型孔带倾角、种层厚度对充种性能的影响规律。基于仿真分析结果进行了较优组合验证试验,结果表明:在型孔方向角为90°,型孔带倾角为43°,型孔带转速为0.11 m/s,种层厚度为50 mm时充种合格率为96.4%,多粒率为1.4%,漏充率为2.2%,种子破碎率为0.18%,效果较优。摩擦复充种型孔带式水稻精量排种器能够满足杂交稻低播量精密播种的农艺要求,研究结果为工厂化穴盘育秧精量播种机的设计提供参考。     

入射角度对气力射播小麦种粒入土参数影响的试验研究

针对稻麦轮作区黏湿土壤条件下的小麦机械化播种,为避免传统接触式小麦播种技术存在的粘附堵塞严重和作业阻力、功耗大等问题,该文采用非接触式小麦气力射播技术理论,通过自制的小麦气力射播试验台,开展整洁种床土壤条件下入射角度对气力射播小麦种粒入土参数影响的试验研究。试验结果表明:随着入射角度的增加,相同加速气压下小麦种粒的射播速度垂直分量和射播深度不断增加,小麦种粒触土后产生水平滑移和弹跳的几率变小,且各入射角度下射播深度与射播速度呈正相关关系,不同入射角度下小麦种粒呈现出不同射播深度和土壤冲击效果,小麦种粒未产生损坏情况;当入射角度≥45°和射播速度垂直分量≥25 m/s时,小麦种粒可被完全射播入土壤中且出苗率大于86%,90°入射角度下的射播效果最好。同时,为实现田间作业时小麦种粒的垂直射播入土,应使射播速度水平分量与机具作业速度相等且射播速度垂直分量≥25m/s。试验结果可为非接触式小麦射播装备的研制提供基础数据和技术支撑。